Antibiotic Resistance Profiling and Molecular Phylogeny of Biofilm Forming Bacteria From Clinical and Non-clinical Environment in Southern Part of Bangladesh

Abstract

Background: Biofilm is a surface adhered extracellular polymer matrix produced by bacteria. The establishment of biofilms is considered as an important pathogenic trait in many chronic infections and antibiotic resistance. Objective: The present study was intended to evaluate biofilm forming potency and antibiotic resistance (AR) pattern in clinical and non-clinical bacterial isolates, and their phylogenetic characterization. Materials and Methods: A total of 82 bacterial isolates were obtained from clinical settings and animal farms from southern (Kushtia-Jhenaidah) region of Bangladesh. Biofilm forming potentials and AR profile were evaluated by standard biofilm assay and Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, respectively. Further, antibiotic exposure was assessed by multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) value indexing. Furthermore, statistical methods were applied to estimate the relationship between AR and biofilm formation. Finally, selected isolates were characterized by morphological and biochemical tests, as well as 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: Clinical isolates showed higher biofilm formation (OD595=1.17±0.03) than non-clinical isolates (OD595=0.68±0.03). Among all, Pseudomonas isolates produced the highest amount of biofilms (OD595=2.08±0.02). The AR profiles fell within 46.67-86.67% and MAR index ranged from 0.47 to 0.87. Moreover, a significant positive correlation (P<0.05) was found between biofilm formation and AR. Eventually, heavy biofilm producers with ≥60% resistance profile were characterized and identified as Escherichia coli, Cronobacter sakazakii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus sciuri, and Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: In general, biofilm formation and MAR were highly correlated regardless of the source, type, and environment of the isolates. Therefore, a rigorous evaluation of both biofilm formation and AR is demanded to minimize AR and associated problems.

Molecular Detection of Antibiotic-Resistant Genes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Nonclinical Environment: Public Health Implications in Mthatha, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

“…MAR indexing method is a simplified rapid method of distinguishing organisms from different origins either from high-risk sources of contamination where antibiotics are frequently used or from low-risk sources [ 44 ] and as an indicator of the level of contamination potentially unsafe for humans [ 45 ]. A MAR index >0.2 indicates that isolates originate from high-risk sources of contamination [ 46 ].…”

Green synthesis of silk sericin-embedded silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial application against multidrug-resistant pathogens

“…In our study, we used Escherichia coli MZ20, Pseudomonas aeruginosa MZ2F, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MZ4A. Previously, Zulkar et al have reported that all bacteria are multidrug-resistant, e.g., Escherichia coli MZ20 is resistant to penicillin G (P), tetracycline (TE), cotrimoxazole (COT), erythromycin (E), kanamycin (K), streptomycin (S), ciprofloxacin (CIP), ceftazidime (CAZ), nalidixic acid (NA), colistin (CL), ceftriaxone (CTR), doxycycline (DO), amoxicillin (AMX); Pseudomonas aeruginosa MZ2F is resistant to P-TE-COT-E-K-S-CAZ-NA-DO-AMX, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa MZ4A is resistant to P-TE-COT-E-K-S-CAZ-NA-CL-DO-AMX [ 31 ].…”

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“…A study conducted by Parra-Flores, et al revealed that all isolated strains of Cronobacter sakazakii showed resistance to more than one antibiotic [21]. Biofilm formation and multiple antibiotic resistance were highly interconnected irrespective of the source, type, and environment of the isolates [19]. There was also a correlation between putative virulence factors and antibiotic resistance among the tested Cronobacter species [69].…”

“…Cronobacter sakazakii possess functional genes that are responsible for biofilm formation which may have the potential to cause risks to food safety [87]. Biofilm forming bacteria is resistant to antibiotics when when compared to their planktonic counterparts due to the above mentioned advantages [19]. Biofilms generally microbial protect the cells from antimicrobial action and other hostile environmental conditions so that they can stay for long periods by adhering to biotic or abiotic surfaces.…”