Antibiotic-resistance patterns of soil bacteria (Gram-negative rods) from the Krakatau Islands (Rakata) and West Java, Indonesia, in 1984

The Krakatau islands Rakata, Sertung and Panjang, have been colonized by plants, animals and microorganisms over about a century, since the area was probably sterilized by the eruptions of August 1883. In 1930 the island of Anak Krakatau appeared and has since grown subaerially by periodic volcanic eruptions. Parts of this island may have been sterilized by ash eruptions in 1952 and 1953, and since 1962 lava flows have added new land surfaces to the island, the most recent being in 1980. At the northern end of Sertung Island, a long, narrow, sand spit built of eroded volcanic debris provides a land surface that is only a few decades old. These very new land habitats on Anak Krakatau and the Sertung spit, when examined for antibiotic-resistance patterns (resistotypes) of soil bacteria (Gramnegative rods, GNR), were shown to contain GNR much less antibiotic-resistant than those from the older habitats of Sertung on which over 100 years of post-eruptive colonization and succession has been possible. The concentration of soil microorganisms was also considerably less in these very young land habitats; only where vegetation had become established were soil GNR significantly resistant to antibiotics and soil microbial concentrations similar to those in the older habitats of the archipelago.

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Anibiotic-resistance patterns and relative concentrations of bacteria (gram-negative rods) from ash deposits of various ages on the Krakatau Islands

Graves

Rosengren

Kennelly-Merrit

et al. 1988

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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Colonization of the Krakataus by bacteria and the development of antibiotic resistance

Thornton

Graves

1988

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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Colonization of the Krakatau Islands by animals: a perspective from the 1980s

Thornton

New

Zann

et al. 1990

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B

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An examination of cases of turnover in animal species on the Krakataus since 1883, particularly vertebrates, supports the findings of plant ecologists that very little, if any, turnover is stochastic. Successional, rather than equilibrium turnover is still occurring in all animal groups for which analyses can be made; for no group of animals is there evidence that an equilibrium of species number has been achieved, although for resident land birds there are indications that this is now imminent. Approach to equilibrium is not uniform; the colonization curves for resident land birds, reptiles, cockroaches and nymphalid and hesperiid Lepidoptera, as examples, have flattened markedly in the past 50 years, whereas numbers of species of land molluscs and many other insect groups are still increasing at a rate similar to that in the first half century since 1883. The period of the beginning of forest formation (1908-21) was the time when immigration reached a peak, and the period of canopy closure (1921-33) was the time of highest extinction rates. Successful colonists, over a range of animal groups, appear to be species with wide distributions and broad ecological tolerances. There is indirect evidence that successional processes have precluded colonization by several animal groups present in the mainland pool because of unavailability of their preferred habitat, and it is suggested that the effective available pool, as opposed to the theoretical one, changes in size and species complement as succession proceeds on the target islands. We believe that the brief open-habitat phase was too short for the establishment of several animal groups that were available in the pool. Animals of mature forest are, in general, absent as the archipelago’s forests are still relatively impoverished and early successional. Anak Krakatau, in general terms, offers an analogy with the early decades of colonization after 1883. The role of animals in the first stages of forest diversification from casuarina woodland has been monitored on this island, and an ash-lava aeolian ecosystem based on an allochthonous energy source was identified, which parallels similar systems on volcanic substrates in Sicily, the Canaries and, particularly, the island of Hawaii.

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Antibiotic-resistance patterns of soil bacteria (Gram-negative rods) from the Krakatau Islands (Rakata) and West Java, Indonesia, in 1984

Cited by 4 publications

References 7 publications

Anibiotic-resistance patterns and relative concentrations of bacteria (gram-negative rods) from ash deposits of various ages on the Krakatau Islands

Anibiotic-resistance patterns and relative concentrations of bacteria (gram-negative rods) from ash deposits of various ages on the Krakatau Islands

Colonization of the Krakataus by bacteria and the development of antibiotic resistance

Colonization of the Krakatau Islands by animals: a perspective from the 1980s

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