Antibiotic resistance ofStaphylococcus albus

Pulverer, G.; G, Damen; Neugebauer, Maria Gertrudes Fernandes Pereira

doi:10.1007/bf02122006

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The present clinical study demonstrated that fusidic acid can penetrate heart tissue. Mean concentrations detected in atrial appendages up to 4 h after the beginning of infusion reached values 12 times the MIC for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (14) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (20). Maximum levels of cefamandole and cloxacillin in atrial appendages were respectively one to five times and four to eight times the MICs of those antibiotics against these pathogens (5,14,19).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Mean tissue-to-serum ratios at 1 h for cefamandole, cloxacillin, and fusidic acid were respectively 0.35, 0.73, and 0.33. Fusidic acid, a drug which is highly effective in vitro against both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and .taphylococcus epidermidis, was detectable in heart tissue in concentrations which were 12 times higher than the MICs of this agent against these resistant microorganisms.There are several published reports on the penetration of cefamandole in human heart but none on either cloxacillin, a drug which in several countries of the world is used as a prophylactic agent in cardiac surgery (3, 9), or fusidic acid, an agent of some promise because of activity in vitro against both methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (4,20). The increasing incidence of severe infection due to those latter microorganisms (9,12,15) has stimulated us to compare the penetration of these three antibiotics in human heart.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…There are several published reports on the penetration of cefamandole in human heart but none on either cloxacillin, a drug which in several countries of the world is used as a prophylactic agent in cardiac surgery (3, 9), or fusidic acid, an agent of some promise because of activity in vitro against both methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (4,20). The increasing incidence of severe infection due to those latter microorganisms (9,12,15) has stimulated us to compare the penetration of these three antibiotics in human heart.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Concentrations of fusidic acid, cloxacillin, and cefamandole in sera and atrial appendages of patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Bergeron¹,

Desaulniers²,

Lessard³

et al. 1985

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The concentrations of cefamandole, cloxaciDin and fusicid acid were measured in the serum and heart tissue of 100 recipients of these drugs before cardiac surgery. During cardiopulmonary bypass, mean (± standard deviation) peak concentrations in serum of all patients were 63.0 ± 34.0 Lg of cefamandole per ml, 30.8 17.7 ,ug of cloxacillin per ml, and 32.4 ± 10.8 Fg of fusidic acid per ml. Mean (± standard deviation) concentrations in atrial appendages taken 1 h (±15 mi) after infusion were 21.3 ±11.0 ,ug of cefamandole per g, 23.8 ± 17.3 ,ug of cloxaciDin per g, and 10.7 ± 4.2 ,ug of fusidic acid per g. No cloxacillin coild be detected in 5 of 39 heart specimens. Mean tissue-to-serum ratios at 1 h for cefamandole, cloxacillin, and fusidic acid were respectively 0.35, 0.73, and 0.33. Fusidic acid, a drug which is highly effective in vitro against both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and .taphylococcus epidermidis, was detectable in heart tissue in concentrations which were 12 times higher than the MICs of this agent against these resistant microorganisms.There are several published reports on the penetration of cefamandole in human heart but none on either cloxacillin, a drug which in several countries of the world is used as a prophylactic agent in cardiac surgery (3, 9), or fusidic acid, an agent of some promise because of activity in vitro against both methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (4,20). The increasing incidence of severe infection due to those latter microorganisms (9,12,15) has stimulated us to compare the penetration of these three antibiotics in human heart. MATERIALS AND METHODSPatients. A total of 100 patients (69 males and 31 females) about to undergo cardiac surgery were admitted into this study. They ranged in age from 21 to 84 years old (mean, 55 years). Men constituted 65% and 55% of the cefamandoleand cloxacillin-treated groups, respectively. They accounted for 90o of the fusidic acid group. Surgeries consisted of coronory bypass (CPB) (66%) and valve replacement (32%) for the cefamandole and cloxacillin groups and CPB for the fusidic acid group. Duration of surgery varied from 3 to 5 h. Extracorporeal circulation lasted 1 to 3 h. Drug administration. Cefamandole (Eli Lilly, Canada) was administered to 37 patients, and cloxacillin (Ayerst, Canada) was administered to 34 patients. At induction of anesthesia, both drugs were infused intravenously (i.v.) at a dose of 1 g over 5 min. Fusidate diethanolamine (Leo Laboratories, Canada) was administered to 29 patients i.v. at a dose of 580 mg over 2 h before surgery. After the first dose, cefamandole and cloxacillin were continued every 4 h for 24 h, and fusidic acid was continued every 8 h. Each patient received a total of six injections of either drug.Sample collection. Blood samples were collected 1, 2, 3, and 4 h after administration of either cefamandole, cloxacillin, or fusidate diethanolamine. Additional samples were collected at 5, 6, and 8 h from patients receiving fusi...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Concentrations of fusidic acid, cloxacillin, and cefamandole in sera and atrial appendages of patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Bergeron¹,

Desaulniers²,

Lessard³

et al. 1985

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…Resistance to all~-lactam antibiotics, to the tetracyclines, to erythromycin, streptomycin, and the sulfonamides, and often also to kanamycin, neomycin, and chloramphenicol has been demonstrated [18]. Thus the new aminoglycoside antibiotics may become significant aids in the treatment of staphylococcal infections.…”

Section: J=8mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tobramycin Adenylyltransferase: A New AminoglycosideInactivating Enzyme from Staphylococcus epidermidis

Santanam

Kayser

1976

Journal of Infectious Diseases

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Certain strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis resistant to the aminoglycoside antibiotics were shown to contain an enzyme that inactivates the kanamycins, neomycins, butirosins, paromomycin, gentamicin A, amikacin, and tobramycin by adenylylation. Tobramycin adenylyltransferase, as this enzyme is called, was found to be optimally active at pH 5.5. With paromomycin or neomycin Band C as substrates, however, two pH values (5.5 and 9.0) for optimal activity were observed. The enzyme requires Mg+ + for activity and is stabilized significantly by dithiothreitol. It is probable that the 4'-hydroxyl group of ring I of the antibiotics is adenylylated. Those aminoglycosides that are not substrates for the enzyme lack a hydroxyl group in the corresponding position.An epidemiological study of the frequency of resistance of staphylococci to aminoglycosides showed that 2 % of isolates of Staphylococcus epidermidis were inhibited by~12.5 ug of tobramycirr/rnl. Such tobramycin-resistant (Tm R ) strains were also resistant to kanamycin A, paromomycin, butirosin, and gentamycin A and intermediately resistant to neomycin and amikacin. In a genetic study of Tm R in such strains, it was found that resistance was conferred by a small plasmid (mol wt, 2.7 X 10 6 daltons) present in multiple copies [1]. Loss of this plasmid resulted in tobramycin-susceptible variants, which were also susceptible to the other aminoglycosides except streptomycin.We now report that the mechanism of resistance to aminoglycosides in these staphylococci can be explained by the production of an adenylylating enzyme. We propose to call this enzyme by the trivial name tobramycin adenylyltransferase, because it was detected in staphylococci unusually resistant to tobramycin, and tobramycin was found to be one of the best substrates for it.

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“…In addition, this organism can be isolated in pure culture from pyogenic material (26), although formerly such infections were attributed primarily to S. aureus. The isolated bacteria often prove to be quite antibiotic resistant (1,4,19); resistance to practically all chemotherapeutic agents has been demonstrated (25). Although there have been numerous studies of the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in S. aureus, there have been few reports concerned with S. epidermidis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Transduction and Plasmid Deoxyribonucleic Acid Analysis in a Multiply Antibiotic-Resistant Strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis

Rosendorf

Kayser

1974

J Bacteriol

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A genetic analysis of a multiply antibiotic-resistant strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis was performed. Experiments designed to show reversion of organisms to antibiotic susceptibility, as well as studies of the influence of ultraviolet irradiation of phage on the transduction frequencies of the resistance markers, indicated that determinants of chloramphenicol (cml), tetracycline (tet), and neomycin (neo) resistance are present on separate plasmids, but the streptomycin marker is chromosomal. In 2 to 6% of tetracycline-resistant transductants, co-transduction of cml was also observed. By using CsCl-dye density gradients followed by neutral sucrose gradients, the plasmids carrying cml, tet, and neo could be isolated and their molecular weights could be determined. The tetracycline plasmid is shown to be incompatible with one of the cryptic plasmids of a recipient strain.

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Antibiotic resistance ofStaphylococcus albus

Cited by 19 publications

References 10 publications

Concentrations of fusidic acid, cloxacillin, and cefamandole in sera and atrial appendages of patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Concentrations of fusidic acid, cloxacillin, and cefamandole in sera and atrial appendages of patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Tobramycin Adenylyltransferase: A New AminoglycosideInactivating Enzyme from Staphylococcus epidermidis

Transduction and Plasmid Deoxyribonucleic Acid Analysis in a Multiply Antibiotic-Resistant Strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis

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