Antibiotic Resistance of Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolated from Cockles and Shrimp Sea Food Marketed in Selangor, Malaysia

Abstract

IntroductionV. parahaemolyticus, a gram-negative marine bacterium, is a major food-borne pathogen that causes acute human gastroenteritis associated with the consumption of seafood. V. parahaemolyticus is a gram-negative halophilic bacterium and is responsible for human gastroenteritis worldwide. Sporadic cases and outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus occur regularly in Asia and as well as in other countries [1][2][3][4][5]. Cases of V. parahaemolyticus were mostly sporadic and associated with diverse serovars. However, the emergence of a pandemic serovar O3:K6 in 1996 has changed the epidemiology abruptly and has since been accounted for many cases of V. parahaemolyticus outbreak worldwide [6][7][8].Not all strains of V. parahaemolyticus cause illness in humans; in fact, the majority of strains isolated from the environment or seafood are not pathogenic. The pathogenic strains of V. parahaemolyticus are those that produce Thermostable Direct Haemolysin (TDH) toxin [9,10]. TDH is an enzyme that lyses human red blood cells on Wagatsuma blood agar plates, which is referred to as the Kanagawa Abstract Introduction: The main aim of this study is to determine the antibiotic profile of V. parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis associated with the consumption of contaminated shrimp and cockles marketed in Selangor Malaysia. V. parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of seafood-associated gastroenteritis in Asian Countries typically is associated with the consumption of raw shellfish and oysters specially shrimp and cockles. Rapid, sensitive and specific detection methods are needed to control V. parahaemolyticus infections. We describe a recognized the pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus in shrimp and cockles that will be the risk of gastroenteritis associated with the consumption of seafood marketed in Malaysia. and other centers as collaboration. The seafood samples were collected from different markets and more than 400 samples from shrimp and cockles were investigated for detection and isolation of V. parahaemolyticus. CHROMagar Vibrio and TCBS agar media were used for fast detection and isolation of V. parahaemolyticus isolates. PCR based methods targeted to toxR regulatory gene, tlh the species and family gene, tdh and trh the virulence genes were extensively used. The antibiotic susceptibility testing of 65 V. parahaemolyticus isolates recovered from retail shrimp and cockles seafood were determined with four types of E-test antibiotic strips.Results: All the 65 isolates were positive to toxR and tlh genes. Out of 65 isolates, only eight isolates (12.31%) were positive for tdh virulence gene isolated form cockles and shrimp (3 isolates from shrimp and 5 isolates from cockles), whereas twenty six (40%) isolates were positive for trh virulence gene isolated from shrimp and cockles (9 from shrimp and 17 from cockles). This result indicates high occurrence of tdh+ and trh+ isolates in shrimp and cockles marketed in Malaysia. None of the isolates tested possess both virulence genes. For the antibiotic E-test susceptibility test, overa...

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