Antibacterial Potency of Medicinal Plants including Artemisia annua and Oxalis corniculata against Multi-Drug Resistance E. coil

Abstract

Antibacterial activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of two medicinal plants including Oxalis corniculata (EtOc, AqOc) and Artemisia annua (EtAa, AqAa) as well as A. annua essential oil (EoAa) was investigated on multi-drug resistance (MDR) E. coli. Microdilution and agar well diffusion methods were used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) as well as the inhibition zone. The phytconstituents of these products were analyzed using Reverse-phase High- performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-mass). The order of bacteriostatic and bacteriocide rate of the products can be shown as follows: EoAa>AqOc>EtAa = AqAa>EtOc, but the bactericidal effect of A. annua extracts is higher than of O. corniculata based on the MIC/MBC ratio and the order is as follows: EoAa>EtAa = AqAa>EtOc>AqOc. The most potent product, i.e. EoAa with a 56.7% inhibition of all isolates, has the potential to substitute 13 used antibiotics including oxacillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, tetracycline, streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, cefazolin, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and cefixime (P <0.05). Different terpenoids were detected and measured in EoAa and catechin flavonoids in extracts of both plants, quercetin in extracts of O. corniculata but it was only possible to detect chlorogenic acid polyphenol in AqAa. Due to the antibacterial activities of the studied products, more effective than some antibiotics and their edible consumption, these products can be suggested as an alternative to some antibiotics and food preservatives to fight against MDR E. coli.

Absinthe against multi-drug resistant bacterial pathogens? A recent update on the antibacterial effects of Artemisia compounds

“…These pronounced synergistic effects were observed in the combinations of artemisinin with metronidazole [30], petroleum and methanol ether extracts of A. annua with chloramphenicol [31], chrysosplentin, penduletin and chrysoeriol with norfloxacin, chrysoeriol with ciprofloxacin [39], extract of A. khorassanica with amikacin and imipenem [41] and the combination of DhL with chloramphenicol [38], for instance. Importantly, these results provide promising future options for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by MDR pathogens, whereby MDR strains of E. coli [32], A. baumanii [41], P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae [36,38] and S. aureus [30,39,40] have become sensitive towards antibiotics when combined with the products derived from the Artemisia plants. In addition, some of the Artemisia compounds were equally potent as common antibiotics, as seen with artemisinin and artemisinic acid which are derived from A. annua, and were shown to exert antibiotic effects that were similar to those observed for clarithromycin against S. aureus and S. epidermidis [30], for instance.…”

“…Some studies showed that the plant product exhibits a very low or even no antimicrobial activity when applied alone [28,29,31,32,39]. However, the products were synergistically active upon combination with established synthetic antibiotic drugs, even enhancing the efficacy of the tested antibiotics in some instances.…”

“…In both plant extracts, polyphenolic compounds including catechins and chlorogenic acid could be found, whereas in the aqueous extract only chlorogenic acid was detectable. Furthermore, the aqueous extract displayed higher catechin concentrations [32].…”

“…In a very recent study, Golbarg and colleagues investigated the antibacterial properties of the essential oil, the aqueous and the ethanolic extracts of A. annua against MDR E. coli isolates by using microdilution and agar well diffusion assays [32]. The essential oil was the most potent plant product as it inhibited the bacterial growth with an inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of 20.0 ± 1.45 mm at a concentration of 11.11 mg ml À1 (11,110 mg ml À1 ), with a respective MIC of 10 À4 mg ml À1 (0.1 mg ml À1 ), whereas the ethanol extract of A. annua exerted an identical MIC.…”

Effectiveness of Oxalis corniculata L. Ethanol Extract against Mono-Species of Biofilm Staphylococcus aureus

“…Empirically in Kalimantan, people use the leaves as a medicine for stomach aches, canker sores, and coughs 16 . Several previous reports found that the ethanolic extract of the O. corniculata herb could inhibit Escherichia coli and S. aureus 19,20 . However, no studies have reported the profound antibiofilm activity of this plant.…”