Antibacterial Coatings for Titanium Implants: Recent Trends and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Titanium and its alloys are widely used as implant materials for biomedical devices owing to their high mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance. However, there is a significant rise in implant-associated infections (IAIs) leading to revision surgeries, which are more complicated than the original replacement surgery. To reduce the risk of infections, numerous antibacterial agents, e.g., bioactive compounds, metal ions, nanoparticles, antimicrobial peptides, polymers, etc., have been incorporated on the surface of the titanium implant. Various coating methods and surface modification techniques, e.g., micro-arc oxidation (MAO), layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), anodization, magnetron sputtering, and spin coating, are exploited in the race to create a biocompatible, antibacterial titanium implant surface that can simultaneously promote tissue integration around the implant. The nature and surface morphology of implant coatings play an important role in bacterial inhibition and drug delivery. Surface modification of titanium implants with nanostructured materials, such as titanium nanotubes, enhances bone regeneration. Antimicrobial peptides loaded with antibiotics help to achieve sustained drug release and reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance. Additive manufacturing of patient-specific porous titanium implants will have a clear future direction in the development of antimicrobial titanium implants. In this review, a brief overview of the different types of coatings that are used to prevent implant-associated infections and the applications of 3D printing in the development of antibacterial titanium implants is presented.

A Review on Nano Ti-Based Oxides for Dark and Photocatalysis: From Photoinduced Processes to Bioimplant Applications

“…To highlight the catalytic effect of TiO 2 on antibacterial action for biomedical implants, the discussion here is limited to the bactericidal effect of TiO 2 . Therefore, readers interested in strategies to improve antibacterial properties on Ti implants are referred to other reviews which have already summarized such strategies [ 234 , 235 , 236 , 237 ].…”

Resorbable Membranes for Guided Bone Regeneration: Critical Features, Potentials, and Limitations

“…It was previously believed that a biomaterial is better to be “inert”, but according to a paradigm shift in the nature of biomaterials, recent advances are more focused on “immunomodulatory” materials. − There are several nutrient elements proved to be efficient in osteo-immunomodulation including calcium (Ca), zinc (Zn), and silicon (Si) (Figure ). , Using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique, Chen et al deposited a highly homogeneous, uniform layer of Ca 2 ZnSi 2 O 7 nanoparticles, as a bioactive glass, on a commonly used Bio-Gide collagen membrane with a rough surface on one side to manipulate the osteo-immunomodulatory property of the barrier collagen membrane. The other side, however, was made of a smooth surface of a dense collagen fiber network.…”

Novel Ti surface coated with PVA hydrogel and chitosan nanoparticles with antibacterial drug release: An experimental in vitro study

“…8 Focusing on avoiding and controlling bacterial adhesion, there are different approaches to develop a Ti surface that delivers drugs exerting antimicrobial activity. 9,10 One of the common drug delivery systems (DDs) to prevent infections is the use of coated titanium implant. DDs on titanium implants have been loaded with different antibiotics for antimicrobial purposes, including gentamicin, vancomycin, doxycycline, and other similar drugs.…”

“…DDs on titanium implants have been loaded with different antibiotics for antimicrobial purposes, including gentamicin, vancomycin, doxycycline, and other similar drugs. 7,[10][11][12][13] These systems have shown stability and predictability and are applied locally reducing the side effects. 8,[14][15][16] DDs can be prepared using one or multiple techniques such as films, nanoparticles (NPs), hydrogels, scaffolds, and titania nanotubes.…”

“…8,[14][15][16] DDs can be prepared using one or multiple techniques such as films, nanoparticles (NPs), hydrogels, scaffolds, and titania nanotubes. [8][9][10] The use of synthetic and natural polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and chitosan (Cs) to create a three-dimensional matrix able to carry drug has been widely studied. 14,[17][18][19] PVA is a synthetic water-soluble polymer and has gained significant attention in the pharmaceutical industry due to its biocompatibility, low toxicity, and ability to form films.…”