Antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-adhesion activities of Piper betle leaf extract against Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli

Abstract

Piper betle leaves have traditionally been used to treat many diseases, including bacterial infections. The present study aimed to investigate the antibacterial, antibio lm, and anti-adhesion activities of P. betle extract against Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC). The ethanol extract of P. betle leaves demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against clinical isolates of APEC with MIC and MBC values ranging from 0.5-1.0 mg/mL. Disruption and breakdown of the bacterial cells were detected when the cells were challenged with the extract at 2×MIC. Bacterial cells treated with the extract demonstrated longer cells without a septum, compared to the control. The extract at 1/8, 1/4, and 1/2×MIC signi cantly inhibited the formation of bacterial bio lm of the isolates (P<0.05) without inhibiting growth. At 1/2×MIC, 55% of the bio lm inhibition was detected in APEC CH09, a strong bio lm producer. At 32×MIC, 88% of the inhibition of viable cells embedded in the mature bio lm was detected in APEC CH09. Reduction in the bacterial adhesion to surfaces was shown when APEC were treated with sub-MICs of the extract as observed by SEM. The results suggested potential medicinal bene ts of P. betle extract for the treatment of the infection caused by Avian pathogenic E. coli.

Antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli of extracted Piper betle leaf materials by disc diffusion assay and batch experiments

“…For E. coli , the methanol solvent demonstrated a higher antibacterial activity than other solvents; however, it presented a little higher zone of inhibition on E. coli than the ethanol solvent. EPB presented a higher zone of inhibition on E. coli than other studies except the study of Jayalakshmi B. et al , 61 whereas PBB demonstrated a higher or closer zone of inhibition on E. coli than other studies except the studies of Jayalakshmi B. et al , Valle D. L. et al , and Kulnanan P. et al 16,61,62 . Finally, since methanol is known as a more toxic solvent than ethanol, ethanol might be suitable for use as the extraction solvent of P. betle for the antibacterial activities on both S. aureus and E. coli more than methanol.…”

“…For E. coli, the methanol solvent demonstrated a higher antibacterial activity than other solvents; however, it presented a little higher zone of inhibition on E. coli than the ethanol solvent. EPB presented a higher zone 16,61,62 . Finally, since methanol is known as a more toxic solvent than ethanol, ethanol might be suitable for use as the extraction solvent of P. betle for the antibacterial activities on both S. aureus and E. coli more than methanol.…”

Bactericidal activity of Piper betle L. extract against antibiotic resistant Salmonella spp. isolated from pig farms in Southern Thailand

“…The plants were shade-dried and powdered by using a dry blender and packed in an airtight container for storage until analysis. Fifty grams of dry powder was weighed and allowed to soak in 200 mL of 95% ethanol for 7 days at room temperature as previously described (Kulnanan et al, 2022;. The suspension was filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure using a vacuum evaporator to obtain the extracts.…”

“…The plant species, belongs to the Piperaceae family, has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of several infectious diseases (Pecková et al, 2018). Recently, antibacterial activity of Piper betle leaf extract against Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) has been previously reported (Kulnanan et al, 2022). Furthermore, the extract inhibited the bacterial adhesion, resulted to reduce the biofilm formation in APEC (Kulnanan et al, 2022).…”

“…Recently, antibacterial activity of Piper betle leaf extract against Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) has been previously reported (Kulnanan et al, 2022). Furthermore, the extract inhibited the bacterial adhesion, resulted to reduce the biofilm formation in APEC (Kulnanan et al, 2022). Antibacterial activity of Piper betle ethanolic leaf extract against other pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus, P. aeruginosa, and Salmonella spp.…”