Antibacterial and Remineralization Efficacy of Casein Phosphopeptide, Glycomacropeptide Nanocomplex, and Probiotics in Experimental Toothpastes: An In Vitro Comparative Study

Abstract

Objective This article evaluates the antibacterial and remineralization potential of experimentally prepared toothpastes containing different mixtures of nano casein phosphopeptides (nCPP), nano amorphous calcium phosphate (nACP), probiotic ­ Lactobacillus rhamnosus B-445 ( L. rhamnosus ), and nano glycomacropeptide (nGMP). Materials and Methods Five experimental toothpaste samples were prepared and grouped, such that group (A0) was the experimental toothpaste base formula. Groups (A1), (A2), (A3), and (A4) were the experimental toothpastes containing: nCPP; nCPP and nACP; nCPP, nACP, and L. rhamnosus , and nCPP, nACP, and nGMP, ­respectively. Group (A5) was the commercial group (GC MI Paste Plus). The five groups were screened against Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) growth, and investigated for their remineralizing potentials on demineralized bovine enamel using Vickers ­microhardness test (Vickers hardness number [VHN]). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images were obtained for the demineralized and remineralized enamel of the two most effective toothpastes against in vitro bacterial induced enamel demineralization. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) as well as repeated measures ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Results Both (A3) and (A4) were significantly higher in mean inhibition zone ­diameters than group (A1) and (A2). Group (A4) showed the highest statistical ­significance in the mean difference between VHN values of demineralization and 15 days remineralization period. SEM images showed the deposition of nano-sized particles fill the ­microrough surface pattern of the etched enamel. Conclusion All these findings suggest the use of probiotic, nCPP–nACP, and nGMP as a dental anticariogenic and remineralizing active agents.

Nanoparticles as Anti-Microbial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Remineralizing Agents in Oral Care Cosmetics: A Review of the Current Situation

“…However, CPP-ACP compared to fluoride has a slightly lower potential in the remineralization of early enamel caries [276][277][278][279]. An in vitro study concluded that toothpaste containing CPP-ACP NPs with L. rhamnosus (probiotic strain) had a potential remineralizing property with a more promising anti-microbial efficiency [280].…”

Effects of 1450-ppm Fluoride-containing Toothpastes Associated with Boosters on the Enamel Remineralization and Surface Roughness after Cariogenic Challenge

“…10 These approaches are facilitated by the addition of different boosters or supplements in combination with fluoride application. 11,12 In this way, several oral care products available at the market contain, besides fluoride, different active ingredients and make claims promising protection for teeth against enamel demineralization. 13,14 The evolving technology and research on the development of new products aim not only to reduce enamel demineralization but also boost the remineralizing capability of formulations, thus reducing the side effects of conventional fluoride treatments.…”

“…15 Despite these improvements, the action of fluoride in remineralization is still considered the gold standard when compared with other remineralization systems. 12,16 Changes in toothpaste formulations allowed the addition of a variety of novel active ingredients, which may affect the pH and abrasiveness of the toothpaste. The abrasives, which seem to react with the active ingredients, were found to affect the enamel surface, leading to varied enamel surface mineral loss as demonstrated in a previous in vitro study.…”

Casein glycomacropeptide is well tolerated in healthy adults and changes neither high-sensitive C-reactive protein, gut microbiota nor faecal butyrate: a restricted randomised trial

“…(35) In vitro studies reached similar conclusions. (36,37) Besides the above mentioned human trials, CGMP has been investigated inunsuccessfulattempts to induce satiety. (38,39) One clinical study assessed the potential of using orally ingested CGMP as an anti-inflammatory agent and found that the addition of CGMP to maintenance treatment in patients with clinically active distal ulcerative colitis had clinical effects comparable to those achieved by increasing the usual first choice of medical treatment, mesalazine, (in doses between 1600-3200 mg) to maximum dose (4800 mg per day).…”