Antibacterial and photocatalytic active transparent TiO₂ crystallized CaO–BaO–B₂O₃–Al₂O₃–TiO₂–ZnO glass nanocomposites

Abstract

Transparent TiO2 crystallized 5CaO–10BaO–65B2O3–Al2O3–20TiO2–10ZnO (CBBATZ) glass nanocomposites were fabricated using melt‐quenching technique followed by specific heat treatments. As‐quenched glass samples were provided three different heat treatments at 630°C for 3, 5, and 10 hours in order to obtain different amounts of TiO2 nanocrystals in the glass. The presence of rutile phase of TiO2 nanocrystals in glass was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. The glass nanocomposite heat treated for 10 hours showed a hydrophobic nature with contact angle of 90.90°. Contact angle decreased from 90.90 to 22.20°, when irradiated under ultraviolet (UV) radiation for 45 minutes. This photoinduced hydrophilicity showed a photocatalytic and self‐cleaning properties of glass nanocomposite. During photocatalytic ink test, the maximum change in color of Resurin (Rz) ink and 60% degradation in absorbance of ink within 150 minutes under UV radiation were found for glass nanocomposite heat treated at 10 hours. Also, 78% degradation in absorbance of methylene blue dye (pollutant) within 180 minutes under UV irradiation was found for glass naocomposite heat‐treated at 10 hours. Antibacterial performance of transparent glass nanocomposite against Escherichia coli was evaluated as well. More than 95% of the bacterial cells were degraded with glass nanocomposite heat‐treated at 10 hours. CBBATZ glass nanocomposite found to impart the antibacterial effect through generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in aqueous medium. ROS species which was confirmed in the bacterial cell through intracellular ROS generation kit. During evaluation of mechanical properties using nanoindentation technique, the values of hardness and reduced modulus increased by ~26% and 10%, respectively, for glass nanocomposite heat‐treated at 10 hours as compared to as‐quenched glass.

Sonocatalysis and Photocatalysis in Ba0.5Sr0.5TiO3 ceramics

“…dye + h + (VB) → oxidation products (13) dye + e − (CB) → reduction products (14) The photocatalytic process showing a general redox reaction that breaks down organic dyes under solar light irradiation is schematically depicted in Figure 11.…”

“…[11][12][13] TiO 2 , ZnO, and numerous ferroelectric materials, such as BaTiO 3 and LiNbO 3 , are among several catalysts, which are demonstrated for photocatalytic dye degradation capabilities in water cleaning operations. [14][15][16][17][18] TiO 2 is one of the known and commonly used photocatalysts due to its great stability and good electrochemical characteristics. 19,20 Numerous techniques are generally used to improve photocatalytic activity, including tuning of energy band gap, transition metals doping, and anion implantation.…”

“…The process involves the illumination of light on a photocatalyst where an electron in the valence band gets excited and enters into the conduction band leaving behind a hole in the valance band, where these electron–hole pairs generate reactive species, which are mainly responsible for the degradation of dye 11–13 . TiO 2 , ZnO, and numerous ferroelectric materials, such as BaTiO 3 and LiNbO 3 , are among several catalysts, which are demonstrated for photocatalytic dye degradation capabilities in water cleaning operations 14–18 . TiO 2 is one of the known and commonly used photocatalysts due to its great stability and good electrochemical characteristics 19,20 .…”

Zinc Oxide-Doped Antibacterial Soda Lime Glass Produced as a Glass Container

“…A schematic representation of the antibacterial mechanism to Escherichia coli of glass samples doped with the ZnO sample is shown in Figure . However, very few studies related to the incorporation of zinc into a glass batch were performed by using the classical melting process in the literature. − …”

Antibacterial Borosilicate Glass and Glass Ceramic Materials Doped with ZnO for Usage in the Pharmaceutical Industry

“…Therefore, the glass industry accelerated the investigations on glass materials with enhanced antibacterial properties. − Many ingredients like copper, silver, zinc, titanium oxide, etc. have been used for such purpose. ,− …”