Antibacterial Activity of Eggs and Egg Wax Covering of Selected Ixodid (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks

Yang, Xiaolong; Jia, Qingying; Chen, Jie; Hou, Yufeng; Zhai, Shiyong; Yu, Zhijun; Liu, Jingze

doi:10.18474/jes17-13.1

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In the studies carried out to determine the antimicrobial activities of the wax, successful results have been obtained in various degrees against different agents such as Escherichia coli (22,29), Staphylococcus epidermidis (25)(26)(27)32), Staphylococcus aureus (22,26,29), Serratia marcescens (25), Bacillus cereus (26), Bacillus subtilis (25)(26)(27), Micrococcus luteus (27,29,30), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (22,31), Enterecoccus faecalis, Enterecoccus faecium, Nocardia asteroides, Salmonella enteritidis, Klebsiella pneumonia (22), picornavirus (28), and influenza virus (28,29). Furthermore, the wax of Boophilus microplus was reported to be effective on C. albicans to some extent (30), and the wax of Rhipicephalus sanguineus was found to be effective on the same agent (29).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Related studies have obviously shown that the antimicrobial efficacy of tick egg wax is directly correlated to some factors such as the extraction methods and application dose of the wax, and the species of the ticks and microorganisms (22,25,29). The feature of the wax is well known to vary significantly according to the tick species, and it was indicated that this is an expected result, since the sites of egg-laying and habitat preferences of tick species are more or less different from each other (21,33,35).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The surfaces of the eggs were covered with the wax, which consists of the secretions of the epithelial cells and accessory glands of the reproductive tract, the porose area, and principally the Gené organ which is a femalespecific gland (19,20). It has been reported that the wax, which thickness varies between 0.5-2.0 µm (21), has an average amount of 24 mg per gram eggs mainly according to the tick species (22). The wax is known to have some vital missions for the eggs such as holding the egg mass together, protecting the eggs against drying, environmental physical, chemical or microbiological factors, and ensuring the proper gas exchange between eggs and air (20,21,23,24).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the previous studies, the egg waxes of Amblyomma habreum (25,26) A. cajennense (27)(28)(29), A. aureolatum (29), Boophilus (Rhipicephalus) microplus (29-32), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (29), Haemaphysalis longicornis, H. doenitzi, Dermacentor silvarum and Hyalomma asiaticum (22) have been tested against various bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and some considerable results were obtained. However, these studies have also revealed that the antimicrobial efficacy of the wax varies dramatically related to the tick species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In-vitro anticandidial efficacy of tick egg wax from Hyalomma marginatum, Rhipicephalus bursa and Dermacentor marginatus

Bilgin

Hacıoğlu

Güzel

et al. 2020

Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences

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Objective: In the previous studies, the antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral efficacy of the tick egg wax-coating of certain tick species were examined and some significant results were obtained. However, related researches and studied tick species are limited. There are hundreds of tick species, and it is well known that the antimicrobial efficacy of the wax is closely related to the species. The aim of this study was to investigate the in-vitro anticandidial efficacy of the egg waxes belonging to three tick species, which have not been studied before and have quite different biological and ecological differences.Methods: In the study, the egg waxes of the tick species, Hyalomma marginatum, Rhipicephalus bursa, and Dermacentor marginatus, were used on Candida albicans ATCC10231, Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019, and Candida tropicalis ATCC 750. Antimycotic susceptibility test was carried out in accordance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendations using the M27-A3 microdilution method.Results: It was determined that the wax of Rhipicephalus bursa has inhibitory effect on Candida tropicalis ATCC 750 in a particular concentration, and no significant effects were observed in other trials. Conclusion:Anticandidial effect obtained from the egg wax of R. bursa can be associated with some distinctive biological characteristics, and it was concluded that the detailed studies with different tick species might yield significant results for the discovery of new generation antifungals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

In-vitro anticandidial efficacy of tick egg wax from Hyalomma marginatum, Rhipicephalus bursa and Dermacentor marginatus

Bilgin

Hacıoğlu

Güzel

et al. 2020

Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences

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Predation of ant species Lasius alienus on tick eggs: impacts of egg wax coating and tick species

Kar

Şirin

Akyıldız

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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Several animal species, including ants, have been reported to be capable of predation on ticks. However, determining factors in most interactions between ticks and predators have not yet been fully deciphered. We hypothesized that the ant species Lasius alienus, which is unknown whether it has any impact on ticks, may exhibit predation on the eggs of tick species Hyalomma marginatum, H. excavatum, and Rhipicephalus bursa, and that the tick egg wax can be the main determinant in possible predation. In the study, 6300 tick eggs with the natural wax coating (waxed/untreated) and 2700 dewaxed tick eggs, the wax of which was removed in the laboratory, were repeatedly presented to the foraging workers belonging to three different ant nests in their natural habitat. Depending on the tick species and trials, the rate of the eggs carried by the ants ranged from 12.8 to 52.1% in the waxed and from 59.8 to 78.4% in the dewaxed eggs. It was observed that the dewaxing process both increased the interest of the ants in the eggs and resulted in a reduction in the variation associated with tick species. This study showed that L. alienus has a predatory effect on tick eggs, the severity of this impact is closely associated with the tick species, the tick-associated difference is caused by the species-specific property of the egg wax, and the variety in the protective effects of the wax seems to be an evolutional result of the biological and ecological adaptation process of the species.

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Antibacterial Activity of Eggs and Egg Wax Covering of Selected Ixodid (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks

Cited by 2 publications

References 20 publications

In-vitro anticandidial efficacy of tick egg wax from Hyalomma marginatum, Rhipicephalus bursa and Dermacentor marginatus

In-vitro anticandidial efficacy of tick egg wax from Hyalomma marginatum, Rhipicephalus bursa and Dermacentor marginatus

Predation of ant species Lasius alienus on tick eggs: impacts of egg wax coating and tick species

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