Antibacterial activities of plant leaf extracts against multi-antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus associated with skin and soft tissue infections

Abstract

Background The antibacterial activities of aqueous leaf extracts of Moringa oleifera, Vernonia amygdalina, Azadirachta indica and Acalypha wilkesiana against multidrug resistance (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus associated with skin and soft tissue infections were investigated. Methods Staphylococcus aureus (n = 183) from the skin and soft tissue infections with evidence of purulent pus, effusions from aspirates, wounds, and otorrhea were biotyped, and evaluated for biofilm production. The phenotypic antibiotic resistance and MDR strains susceptibility to plant leaves extract were determined using disc diffusion and micro-broth dilution assays respectively. The correlation of plant extract bioactive components with inhibitory activities was determined. Results High occurrence rate of S. aureus were recorded among infant and adult age groups and 13.2% mild biofilm producers from the wound (p < 0.05). Of 60.2% MDR strains with overall significant MARI of more than 0.85 (p < 0.05), high resistant rates to linozidine (92.7%; 95% CI:7.27–10.52), ofloxacin (94.2%; 95% CI:6.09–8.15), chloramphenicol (91.2%; 95% CI:6.11–8.32), gentamicin (97.3%; 95% CI:6.20–8.22), ciprofloxacin (92.7%; 95% CI: 5.28–7.99) and vancomycin (86.6%; 95% CI:6.81–9.59) were observed. Vernonia amygdalina and Azadirachta indica showed significant antimicrobial activity at 100 mg/ml and 75 mg/ml, with low susceptibility of less than 10% to 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, and 75 mg/ml Moringa oleifera. Alkaloids, saponin and terpenoids were significant in Moringa oleifera, Acalypha wilkesiana, Azadirachta indica and Vernonia amygdalina leaves extracts (p < 0.05). High inhibitory concentrations at IC50; 3.23, 3.75 and 4.80 mg/ml (p = 0.02, CI: − 0.08 – 11.52) and IC90; 12.9, 7.5, and 9.6 mg/ml (p = 0.028, CI: 2.72–23.38) were shown by Acalypha wilkesiana, Vernonia amygdalina and Moringa oleifera respectively. Comparative outcome of the plant extracts showed Acalypha wilkesiana, Vernonia amygdalina and Moringa oleifera to exhibit significant inhibition activities (p < 0.05) compared to other extracts. Significant median inhibitory concentration (15.3 mg/ml) of Azadirachta indica were observed (p < 0.01) and strong associations of phytochemical compounds of Azadirachta indica (eta = 0.527,p = 0.017), Vernonia amygdalina (eta = 0.123,p = 0.032) and Acalypha wilkesiana (eta = 0.492,p = 0.012) with their respective inhibitory values. Conclusion Observed high occurrence rate of skin and soft tissue infections caused by biofilm-producing MDR S. aureus requires alternative novel herbal formulations with rich bioactive compounds from Moringa oleifera, Acalypha wilkesiana, Azadirachta indica and Vernonia amygdalina as skin therapeutic agents.

Moringa Oleifera Alleviates Aβ Burden and Improves Synaptic Plasticity and Cognitive Impairments in APP/PS1 Mice

“…Moringa oleifera is one of the natural compounds that contain many active constituents including flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, and vitamins among others [ 45 , 46 ] and belongs to the family of Moringaceae that are distributed widely in many African and Asian countries [ 47 ]. It has been reported to have antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, bactericidal, hypoglycemic, anti-cancer, anti-aging, and neuroprotective potentials [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ]. In the field of AD, MO was reported to exert anti-aging, antioxidative, anti-cholinesterase, and neuroprotective activities [ 27 , 49 , 56 , 57 , 58 ] and is safe at higher doses in both rats and mice as its LD50 was more than 6400 mg/kg in mice [ 59 , 60 , 61 ].…”

Beta-sitosterol from sablo ( Acalypha wilkesiana Muell. Arg.) leaves induce apoptosis in MCF-7 Breast cancer cell lines

“…In the previous study, A. wilkesiana has been shown to have antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic effects [8][9][10]; antibacterial and antifungal, and antimalarial [11][12][13][14]; antiinflammatory, analgesic, and anticancer [15,16].…”

“…In West African countries, A. wilkesiana is traditionally a plant used to treat headaches, fever, and skin infections [9]. Based on research results, this plant also has antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic activities [8][9][10], as well as an antibacterial, antifungal, and antimalarial effect [11][12][13][14], anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anticancer effect [15,16]. One of the Acalypha species that have the potential for use as an anticancer drug is Acalypha wilkesiana.…”

Antibacterial Activity of Bitter Drugs from Lingga Malay Ethnic in Riau Archipelago Against Bacterial Causing Skin and Diarrhea Diseases

“…Beberapa ekstrak tumbuhan menunjukkan aktivitas antibakterial yang tinggi sebagai pengobatan alternatif untuk infeksi. Ekstrak tumbuhan Vernonia amygdalina dan Azadirachta indica konsentrasi 100 mg/ml dan 75 mg/ml menunjukkan aktivitas antimikroba yang signifikan terhadap S. aureus (Akinduti et al, 2022). Ekstrak rebusan ramuan obat pahit warisan budaya Melayu Lingga dari Desa SP4 dan Desa Linau dengan konsentrasi 100% dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 dengan rata-rata zona hambat berturut-turut sebesar 0,50 dan 0,43 mm dan S. flexneri ATCC 12022 dengan zona hambat berturut turut sebesar 0,16 dan 0,26 mm (Novita, 2017;Irawaty, 2017).…”

“…Ramuan obat pahit memiliki kandungan metabolit sekunder yaitu alkaloid, terpenoid, saponin, tannin, flavonoid, dan steroid . Alkaloid dapat menyebabkan lisis sel, sedangkan saponin memiliki senyawa antibakteri karena memiliki kemampuan dalam menghambat fungsi membran sel sehingga merusak permeabilitas membran yang mengakibatkan dinding sel rusak dan hancur (Usman et al, 2018;Rossi dan Ciofalo, 2020;Akinduti et al, 2022).…”