Anti-Melanogenic Effect ofOenothera laciniataMethanol Extract in Melan-a Cells

Abstract

We evaluated the antioxidant activity and anti-melanogenic effects of Oenothera laciniata methanol extract (OLME) in vitro by using melan-a cells. The total polyphenol and flavonoid content of OLME was 66.3 and 19.0 mg/g, respectively. The electron-donating ability, 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical-scavenging activity, and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of OLME (500 μg/mL) were 94.5%, 95.6%, and 63.6%, respectively. OLME and arbutin treatment at 50 μg/mL significantly decreased melanin content by 35.5% and 14.2%, respectively, compared to control (p < 0.05). OLME and arbutin treatment at 50 μg/mL significantly inhibited intra-cellular tyrosinase activity by 22.6% and 12.6%, respectively, compared to control (p < 0.05). OLME (50 μg/mL) significantly decreased tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), TRP-2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-M (MITF-M) mRNA expression by 57.1%, 67.3%, 99.0%, and 77.0%, respectively, compared to control (p < 0.05). Arbutin (50 μg/mL) significantly decreased tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2 mRNA expression by 24.2%, 42.9%, and 48.5%, respectively, compared to control (p < 0.05). However, arbutin (50 μg/mL) did not affect MITF-M mRNA expression. Taken together, OLME showed a good antioxidant activity and anti-melanogenic effect in melan-a cells that was superior to that of arbutin, a well-known skin-whitening agent. The potential mechanism underlying the anti-melanogenic effect of OLME was inhibition of tyrosinase activity and down-regulation of tyrosinase, TRP-1, TRP-2, and MITF-M mRNA expression.

Protocatechuic Acid from Pear Inhibits Melanogenesis in Melanoma Cells

“…Because arbutin is a well-known tyrosinase inhibitor and was reported as a major constituent of PE in our previous paper [ 10 ], it may be responsible for the inhibitory effects of PE on melanogenesis ( Figure 1 c). However, numerous studies [ 16 , 17 , 18 ] have shown that arbutin did not affect the mRNA expression of MITF; this was consistently found in our observations ( Figure S1 ), which suggested that other components may be involved in the effects of PE. A recent study reported that PCA inhibited melanin production in B16F10 cells, but a mechanism was not determined [ 19 ] and we have previously identified PCA as one of the major constituents of PE [ 10 ].…”

Phytochemical and Biological Screening of Oenothera biennis L. Hydroalcoholic Extract

“…Trying to find natural bleaching agents, Koo et al demonstrated that saponified evening primrose oil can dose-dependently decrease melanin production, in the case of B16 melanoma cells, via a mechanism that involves a reduction in the activity of enzymes, as well as a decrease in mRNA and protein levels of tyrosinase [61]. Additionally, Kim et al showed the significant anti-melanogenic potential of O. laciniata methanol extract on melan-a cells, referring to the same mechanism that suppresses tyrosinase activity, tyrosinase-related proteins (TRP-1 and TRP-2) and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor-M mARN expression [30].…”

“…When confluence of 90% was reached, the media was discarded and a scratch was made in the middle of each well, followed by the rinsing of cells with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). After this step, the cells were treated with different concentrations (10,30, and 60 µg/mL) of the test compound and cell migration was observed by taking pictures at different intervals with an Olympus IX73 inverted microscope documented with a DP74 digital camera (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). Quantification of A375 cell migration was performed by measuring the cell-free area that resulted after 24 h, using the inverted microscope digital camera software's measurement function, CellSense Dimension 1.17 (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).…”

“…Summarizing all the information presented above, different parts of evening primrose, materialized in various types of extracts or isolated from pure active phytocompounds, can represent a therapeutic strategy for the following pathologies: atopic dermatitis, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, cancer management, peptic ulcer, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, children with Molloscum contagiosum, diabetes mellitus, bacterial and fungal infections, neurodegenerative disorders, and pre-menstrual syndrome [26][27][28][29][30]. All these aspects suggest the importance of this medicinal plant for therapy and represents real evidence that motivates further investigations as the chemical composition provides important active phytochemicals.…”

“…OB extract(10,30, and 60 µg/mL) activity on A375 cell migration and proliferation potential. Progression of cell migration was monitored by imaging the wound healing initially and 24 h poststimulation.…”