Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Fermented Lotus Root and Linoleic Acid in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced RAW 264.7 Cells

Kim, Sung Min; Park, Eun-Jung; Kim, Jong-Yeon; Choi, Jihee; Lee, Hae‐Jeung

doi:10.3390/life10110293

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Various factors cause inflammatory responses, and appropriate reactions have beneficial effects, while excessive inflammation leads to severe tissue damage [ 24 , 25 ]. Obesity is a critical factor that causes inflammation [ 26 , 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactobacillus plantarum ATG-K2 and ATG-K6 Ameliorates High-Fat with High-Fructose Induced Intestinal Inflammation

Park

Kim

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Obesity has become a worldwide health problem, and many significant inflammatory markers have been associated with the risk of side effects of obesity and obesity-related diseases. After a normal diet or high-fat diet with high-fructose water (HFHF) for 8 weeks, male Wistar rats were divided randomly into four experimental groups according to body weight. Next, for 8 weeks, a normal diet, HFHF diet, and HFHF diet with L. plantarum strains ATG-K2 or ATG-K6 were administered orally. Compared to the control group, the HFHF diet group showed significantly increased visceral fat, epididymal fat, and liver weight. The mRNA and protein expression levels of FAS and SREBP-1c were higher in the HFHF diet group than in the HFHF diet with L. plantarum strains ATG-K2 and ATG-K6. The HFHF diet with L. plantarum strain ATG-K2 showed significantly decreased inflammatory cytokine expression in the serum and small intestine compared to the HFHF diet group. Furthermore, histological morphology showed minor cell injury, less severe infiltration, and longer villi height in the small intestine ileum of the HFHF diet with L. plantarum strains groups than in the HFHF diet group. These results suggest that L. plantarum strains K2 and K6 may help reduce intestinal inflammation and could be used as treatment alternatives for intestinal inflammatory reactions and obesity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactobacillus plantarum ATG-K2 and ATG-K6 Ameliorates High-Fat with High-Fructose Induced Intestinal Inflammation

Park

Kim

et al. 2021

IJMS

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“…In macrophages, most studies have assessed the effect of linoleic acid-derived metabolites or conjugated linoleic acids, and only few studies have observed the effects of linoleic acid. These studies demonstrated that linoleic acid reduced the phosphorylation of MAPK (ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPK) induced by stimuli, such as LDL or LPS, and the NF-κB activation in macrophages (Rahman et al, 2006 ; Stachowska et al, 2011 ; Kim et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Intracellular Signaling Pathways Activated By Long-chain Fatty Acids In Immune Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Huang et al, 2004;de Lima et al, 2006;Camell and Smith, 2013;Kim et al, 2017;Karasawa et al, 2018;Muller et al, 2019 Linoleic acid ↓ proliferation in T-cell; ↑ apoptosis in T-cell. Jeffery et al, 1996Jeffery et al, , 1997Cury-Boaventura et al, 2004 ↑ calcium, PLC, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK, Akt, NF-κB, ROS, TX, TNF-α, MMP-9, COX-2, IL-8, NETs, IL-1β, CINC-2αβ, VEGFα in neutrophils Vaughan and Walsh, 2005;Pereira et al, 2008;Rodrigues et al, 2010;Hidalgo et al, 2011;Manosalva et al, 2015;Mena et al, 2016;Alarcon et al, 2020 ↓ IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, ERK1/2, JNK, p38 MAPK, NF-κB; ↑ TNF-α, IL-6, Ccl2 and IL-1β and ROS in macrophages Rahman et al, 2006;Rybicka et al, 2011;Stachowska et al, 2011;Magdalon et al, 2012;Kain and Halade, 2019;Kim et al, 2020 Palmitic acid ↑ STAT5, PI3K/Akt, JNK, ERK1/2, SLAMF3, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-10, proliferation, SLAMF3, IL17A in T-cells. Karsten et al, 1994;Lima et al, 2002;Tinahones et al, 2004;Stentz and Kitabchi, 2006;Gorjao et al, 2007;Takahashi et al, 2012;Zhou et al, 2019;Torres-Hernandez et al, 2020 ↑ ERK1/2, Akt, NETs, ROS, chemotaxis in neutrophils.…”

Section: Agonists Of the Ffa1 Receptormentioning

confidence: 99%

Long Chain Fatty Acids as Modulators of Immune Cells Function: Contribution of FFA1 and FFA4 Receptors

2021

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Long-chain fatty acids are molecules that act as metabolic intermediates and constituents of membranes; however, their novel role as signaling molecules in immune function has also been demonstrated. The presence of free fatty acid (FFA) receptors on immune cells has contributed to the understanding of this new role of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) in immune function, showing their role as anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory molecules and elucidating their intracellular mechanisms. The FFA1 and FFA4 receptors, also known as GPR40 and GPR120, respectively, have been described in macrophages and neutrophils, two key cells mediating innate immune response. Ligands of the FFA1 and FFA4 receptors induce the release of a myriad of cytokines through well-defined intracellular signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the cellular responses and intracellular mechanisms activated by LCFAs, such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), in T-cells, macrophages, and neutrophils, as well as the role of the FFA1 and FFA4 receptors in immune cells.

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“…On the other side, the fixed oil treatment produced a significant upregulation of TNF‐α levels and insignificant reduction of IL‐1β levels, which might be expected considering that palmitic (PA) fatty acid previously reported as proinflammatory mediators (Innes & Calder, 2018; Korbecki & Bajdak‐Rusinek, 2019) constitutes about 26% of the total composition. Therewith, recent studies have highlighted the anti‐inflammatory effect of linoleic acid (LA) that constitutes 43.2% of fixed oil total composition, and attributed its ameliorative effect to NF‐κB signaling interference (Kim et al, 2020). In this study, LA seem to have another anti‐inflammatory mechanism though, suggested by the significant upregulation of IL‐10 levels and downregulation of COX1, COX2, and PGE2 gene expression ( p < .001) in pre‐treated RAW 264.7 cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solvent polarity dictates the anti‐inflammatory potency and mechanism of two purslane ( Portulaca oleracea ) seed extracts

Ahmed

Shaker

Shawky

2022

Journal of Food Biochemistry

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This study aimed to assess the effect of solvent polarity on anti‐inflammatory potency and the underlying mechanisms of two purslane seed extracts. Methanol and dichloromethane extracts were prepared using Soxhlet extraction and chromatographically analyzed. Antioxidant activities were assessed by different assays, while the anti‐inflammatory potentials were assessed in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Methanol extraction yielded 15.5% water‐soluble extract while dichloromethane produced 3.74% fixed oil. Nineteen phenolic compounds were chromatographically identified in methanol extract compared with 16 in the fixed oil including omega fatty acids and phytosterols. Methanol extract showed significantly higher capacity in radical scavenging assays (p < .001), but the fixed oil showed higher total antioxidant capacity (p < .001). Both extracts demonstrated anti‐inflammatory potentials with different mechanisms, where the phenol‐rich methanol extract significantly reduced TNF‐α (p = .0371) and IL‐1β (p = .0029) production through an antioxidant‐mediated pathway, while the fixed oil inhibited COX1, COX2, and PGE2 gene expression through the upregulation of IL‐10. Practical applications Both purslane extracts presented herein demonstrated remarkable antioxidant/ anti‐inflammatory potentials that could be safely utilized as natural antioxidants and inflammation remedies or as functional food products, particularly that they showed no cytotoxic effects.

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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Fermented Lotus Root and Linoleic Acid in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced RAW 264.7 Cells

Cited by 12 publications

References 61 publications

Lactobacillus plantarum ATG-K2 and ATG-K6 Ameliorates High-Fat with High-Fructose Induced Intestinal Inflammation

Lactobacillus plantarum ATG-K2 and ATG-K6 Ameliorates High-Fat with High-Fructose Induced Intestinal Inflammation

Long Chain Fatty Acids as Modulators of Immune Cells Function: Contribution of FFA1 and FFA4 Receptors

Solvent polarity dictates the anti‐inflammatory potency and mechanism of two purslane ( Portulaca oleracea ) seed extracts

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