“…Although it is present at low concentrations in the extracellular space, stressful conditions, such as inflammation and hypoxia, can markedly increase its extracellular level up to the micromolar range [13,24,27,28,44,48]. Adenosine binds to four different types of G proteincoupled cell surface receptors referred to as A 1 R, A 2A R, A 2B R and A 3 R, each of which has a unique pharmacological profile, tissue distribution and signalling pathway [18].…”