Anti-flammability, mechanical and thermal properties of bio-based rigid polyurethane foams with the addition of flame retardants

Zhang, Guangyu; Lin, Xiaoqi; Zhang, Qinqin; Jiang, Kaisen; Chen, Weisheng; Han, Dezhi

doi:10.1039/d0ra06561g

Cited by 26 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…These are materials characterized by a porous structure, high strength, and low apparent density. Their individual properties can be modified by the appropriate selection of components used during synthesis and their mutual relations [ 10 , 30 ]. Depending on the material parameters, porous PUR materials can be divided into two main groups: flexible polyurethane foams (FPUFs) and rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rigid polyurethane foams are strongly cross-linked materials characterized mainly by closed cell structures. As for the application, PUR foams are generally used as low-cost materials mainly in construction, as thermal insulation materials, electronics, furniture, packaging, and others [ 30 , 31 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Halogen compounds have also been used previously as flame retardants. However, due to the increasing environmental requirements in recent times, their application is limited because of the release of toxic and harmful gases from their combustion [ 30 , 44 ]. That is why, in recent years, the focus was on the use of halogen-free flame retardants that do not harm the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Mechanically Strong Polyurethane Composites Reinforced with Montmorillonite-Modified Sage Filler (Salvia officinalis L.)

Członka

Kairytė

Miedzińska

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams reinforced with 1, 2, and 5 wt.% of salvia filler (SO filler) and montmorillonite-modified salvia filler (MMT-modified SO filler) were produced in the following study. The impact of 1, 2, and 5 wt.% of SO filler and MMT-modified SO filler on the morphological, chemical, and mechanical properties of PUR composites were examined. In both cases, the addition of 1 and 2 wt.% of SO fillers resulted in the synthesis of PUR composites with improved physicomechanical properties, while the addition of 5 wt.% of SO fillers resulted in the formation of PUR composites with a less uniform structure and, therefore, some deterioration in their physicomechanical performances. Moreover, the results showed that the modification of SO filler with MMT improved the interphase compatibility between filler surface and PUR matrix. Therefore, such reinforced PUR composites were characterized by a well-developed closed-cell structure and improved mechanical, thermal, and flame-retardant performances. For example, when compared with reference foam, the addition of 2 wt.% of MMT-modified SO filler resulted in the formation of PUR composites with greater mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength) and improved dynamic-mechanical properties (storage modulus). The PUR composites were characterized by better thermal stability as well as improved flame retardancy—e.g., decreased peak rate of heat release (pHRR), reduced total smoke release (TSR), and increased limiting oxygen index (LOI).

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Mechanically Strong Polyurethane Composites Reinforced with Montmorillonite-Modified Sage Filler (Salvia officinalis L.)

Członka

Kairytė

Miedzińska

et al. 2021

IJMS

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“…They are characterized by the values of the thermal conductivity coefficient in the range from 0.018 to 0.025 Wm −1 K −1 , which are lower than the values of this parameter, which are achieved by other thermal insulation materials. Due to their thermal insulation and mechanical properties rigid PUR foams are used as low-cost products that find varied applications across many areas such as building insulation, packaging, furniture, transportation, and automotive [ 4 , 9 , 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, inorganic metal hydroxides and oxides are also mentioned, including compounds of aluminum, magnesium, and silicon, which also play an important role as flame retardants [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 ]. In the past, halogen compounds were often used as anti-pyrenes, but the growing environmental requirements resulted in the limitation of the application of these substances, due to the release of harmful and toxic gases during the combustion process [ 10 , 39 ]. Therefore, in recent years, the attention of researchers has been focused on the analysis and use of halogen-free flame retardants that do not harm the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polyurethane Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Lavender Residue Functionalized with Kaolinite and Hydroxyapatite

et al. 2021

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Polyurethane (PUR) composites were modified with 2 wt.% of lavender fillers functionalized with kaolinite (K) and hydroxyapatite (HA). The impact of lavender fillers on selected properties of PUR composites, such as rheological properties (dynamic viscosity, foaming behavior), mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, impact strength), insulation properties (thermal conductivity), thermal characteristic (temperature of thermal decomposition stages), flame retardancy (e.g., ignition time, limiting oxygen index, heat peak release) and performance properties (water uptake, contact angle) was investigated. Among all modified types of PUR composites, the greatest improvement was observed for PUR composites filled with lavender fillers functionalized with kaolinite and hydroxyapatite. For example, on the addition of functionalized lavender fillers, the compressive strength was enhanced by ~16–18%, flexural strength by ~9–12%, and impact strength by ~7%. Due to the functionalization of lavender filler with thermally stable flame retardant compounds, such modified PUR composites were characterized by higher temperatures of thermal decomposition. Most importantly, PUR composites filled with flame retardant compounds exhibited improved flame resistance characteristics—in both cases, the value of peak heat release was reduced by ~50%, while the value of total smoke release was reduced by ~30%.

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Bio‐based rigid polyurethane foam composites reinforced with flame retardants: From synthesis to performance evaluation

Akdogan,

Erdem,

Kaynak

et al. 2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The building and construction industry is under increasing pressure to make insulation materials greener, more sustainable, and less flammable. In this study, sugar beet pulp was liquified under the optimized liquefaction conditions and used as the source of bio‐polyol (SBpol) in the production of bio‐based rigid polyurethane foam (sPUF). In order to improve the flame retardancy, sPUF composites were prepared with the addition of flame retardants; expandable graphite (EG) and/or dimethyl methyl phosphonate (DMMP). The bio‐polyol was used at a fixed ratio of 50 php in sPUF composites whereas the total ratio of flame retardants was fixed at 20 php. The effects of the ratio of EG and/or DMMP on the morphological, physicomechanical, thermal, and flame retardant properties of sPUF composites were evaluated. Although the thermal conductivity values of flame retardant added sPUF composites were increased in comparison to the petroleum‐based foam, the compressive strength values were decreased as the amount of DMMP increased in the flame retardant formulation. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the onset of decomposition of 20 php DMMP‐containing sPUF composite decreased to 168.3°C. Although the limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of the petroleum‐based PUF was as low as 19.7%, the LOI value of the sPUF/10E/10D foam increased to 24.9% (by about 26%). According to the cone calorimeter results, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) of sPUF was much higher than the petroleum‐based foam. The incorporation of both DMMP and EG could further improve the flame retardant properties. The pHRR value of sPUF/10E/10D was 28.1% lower than that of sPUF. The results have shown that flame retardancy of sPUF composites could be improved by the addition of EG which acts in the condensed phase and DMMP, which acts mainly in the gas phase during burning. Flame retardant incorporated sPUF composites are considered as promising materials for use in insulation applications.

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Anti-flammability, mechanical and thermal properties of bio-based rigid polyurethane foams with the addition of flame retardants

Abstract: Bio-based rigid polyurethane foams with the addition of flame retardant exhibit preferable flame-retardant properties.

Cited by 26 publications

References 40 publications

Mechanically Strong Polyurethane Composites Reinforced with Montmorillonite-Modified Sage Filler (Salvia officinalis L.)

Mechanically Strong Polyurethane Composites Reinforced with Montmorillonite-Modified Sage Filler (Salvia officinalis L.)

Polyurethane Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Lavender Residue Functionalized with Kaolinite and Hydroxyapatite

Bio‐based rigid polyurethane foam composites reinforced with flame retardants: From synthesis to performance evaluation

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