Anti-diabetic Potential of a Stigmasterol From the Seaweed Gelidium spinosum and Its Application in the Formulation of Nanoemulsion Conjugate for the Development of Functional Biscuits

Abstract

The seaweed Gelidium spinosum was selected for the extraction of phytosterol by the Soxhlet method. The extracted phytosterol was chemically characterized as stigmasterol using Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. The antioxidant and α-amylase inhibitory activity of stigmasterol has been confirmed by in vitro assays. The in vivo studies demonstrated an anti-diabetic effect in streptozotocin (STZ)—induced hyperglycemic rats. Biochemical analysis showed administration of stigmasterol reduced the blood sugar, urea, and creatinine level. The stigmasterol was then nano-emulsified and incorporated into dough for biscuit formulation. The stigmasterol incorporated biscuit showed higher proximate values, low moisture content, lighter color and the textural property revealed lower hardness. Sensorial results showed acceptability when compared to the control. This study demonstrated the stigmasterol reduced hyperglycemic effects and therefore could be used as a supplement in diets for diabetic patients.

The inhibitory role of stigmasterol on tumor growth by inducing apoptosis in Balb/c mouse with spontaneous breast tumor (SMMT)

“…As mentioned above, discovering a potential molecule to inhibit Bcl2 may open a new door to cancer treatment.Stigmasterol (SS) is a member of phytosterols which can inhibit the progression of different cancers by decreasing the tumors' viability and promoting apoptosis [ 12 , 19 ]. Other pharmacological activities of SS, including anti-inflammatory, chemo sensitivity and antidiabetic, have been reported recently [ 20 , 21 ]. The anticancer effects of SS were detected in various physiological processes and cancers previously for example in the skin cancer SS via suppressing the VEGFR-2 and TNF-alpha can increase lipid peroxide levels [ 22 ].…”

The Molecular Mechanisms of Panax ginseng in Treating Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Network Pharmacology Analysis and Molecular Docking Validation

“…ey improve insulin resistance by reducing hepatic glucose production and lipid accumulation through the activation of GSK3β and by suppressing both FOXO1 and SREBP transcription [8]. In addition, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol have demonstrated potential antidiabetic effects through in vitro and in vivo studies [35][36][37].…”

Phytosterols in Seaweeds: An Overview on Biosynthesis to Biomedical Applications

“…These limitations demanded the discovery of new extraction techniques with relatively very low utilization of organic solvents and more advantages than conventional techniques [31]. Soxhlet extraction is one of the conventional techniques, and remains the most preferred extraction technique for phytosterols, still, today [32,33]; it serves as a standard to many newly developed extraction techniques (Table 1) [31]. For example, Poulose et al [32] extracted phytosterols from the red seaweed Gelidium spinosum using the Soxhlet method and revealed the presence of stigmasterol, with a mass of 412.69 g/mol, through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).…”

“…Soxhlet extraction is one of the conventional techniques, and remains the most preferred extraction technique for phytosterols, still, today [ 32 , 33 ]; it serves as a standard to many newly developed extraction techniques ( Table 1 ) [ 31 ]. For example, Poulose et al [ 32 ] extracted phytosterols from the red seaweed Gelidium spinosum using the Soxhlet method and revealed the presence of stigmasterol, with a mass of 412.69 g/mol, through Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In addition, maceration is another common conventional technique, which is stated to be simple and cost-effective for phytosterol extraction [ 34 ].…”

“…Besides the conventional Salkowski method, FTIR and nuclear magnetic resonance are widely utilized to analyze phytosterols. However, precise determination of phytosterols could be achieved through employing mass spectrometry analysis [ 32 , 33 ]. For example, GC–MS analysis of the ethanolic extracts of 18 seaweeds revealed the presence of 14 compounds including 3 sterols, cholestanol, β-sitosterol, and fucosterol [ 55 ].…”