“…The fourth group of studies on corruption includes empirical studies that have become possible in recent years due to increased transparency and open access to data on public expenditures and government program execution (Golden and Picci, 2005;Olken, 2006;Gorodnichenko and Sabirianova Peter, 2007;Ferraz and Finan, 2011) . Due to the unified nature of the procedures and a large number of public procurement contracts, the studies based on public procurement data analysis are now among the most popular in this group (Chong et al, 2013;Mironov and Zhuravskaya, 2016;Andreyanov et al, 2017;Tkachenko et al, 2017;Auriol et al, 2016;Szucs, 2017;Dávid-Barrett and Fazekas, 2020). Their significant advantages are the detection of transactions containing potentially corrupt elements and detailed analyses of such transactions' characteristics.…”