Anti-cholinesterases and memory improving effects of Vietnamese Xylia xylocarpa

Abstract

BackgroundAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia among the elderly and is characterized by loss of memory and other cognitive functions. An increase in AChE (a key enzyme in the cholinergic nervous system) levels around β-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles is a common feature of AD neuropathology. Amnesic effects of scopolamine (acetylcholine receptor antagonist) can be investigated in various behavioral tests such as Morris water maze, object recognition, Y-maze, and passive avoidance. In the scope of this paper, we report the anti-AChE, anti-BChE properties of the isolated compound and the in vivo effects of the methanolic extract of Xylia xylocarpa (MEXX) on scopolamine-induced memory deficit.ResultsIn further phytochemistry study, a new hopan-type triterpenoid, (3β)-hopan-3-ol-28,22-olide (1), together with twenty known compounds were isolated (2–21). Compound 1, 2, 4, 5, 7–9, and 11–13 exhibited potent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 values ranging from 54.4 to 94.6 μM. Compound 13 was also shown anti-butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity with an IC50 value of 42.7 μM. The Morris water Y-maze, Y-maze, and object recognition test were also carried out.ConclusionsIt is noteworthy that MEXX is effective when administered orally to mice, experimental results are consistent with the traditional use of this medicinal plant species.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13065-016-0197-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Effects of Hippeastrum reticulatum on memory, spatial learning and object recognition in a scopolamine-induced animal model of Alzheimer’s disease

“…The Y-maze test was performed according to the procedures described by Lam et al (2016). Drugs and scopolamine have been administered for 14 days before the Y maze trial.…”

“…The NORT was performed according to the procedures described by Lam et al (2016). The exploration time and frequencies were recorded (n ¼ 10 per group).…”

“…Morris water-maze test The Morris water-maze test (Morris 1981) was performed according to the procedures described by Lam et al (2016). The Morris water-maze is a black barrel (80 cm in diameter and 35 cm high) with a black painted inner surface.…”

Recent advances in pharmacological research on Ecklonia species: a review

“…Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by loss of memory and other cognitive functions and accounts for most of the deaths in the elderly. An increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) level around b-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles is a common feature of AD neuropathology (Lam et al 2016). Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multidimensional progressive disease with many motor and non-motor features, including cognitive dysfunction.…”

The complete chloroplast genome sequence of Xylia xylocarpa

“…The extracts of X. xylocarpa also showed anti-cholinesterase and memory-improving effects (Lam et al. 2016 ). However, there have been no genomic studies on X. xylocarpa .…”