Anti-cancer effect of gallic acid in presence of low level laser irradiation: ROS production and induction of apoptosis and ferroptosis

Abstract

Background: There are different treatments for breast cancer and melanoma that mostly have some side effects. One of the therapeutic strategies is the use of natural components. Phenol components are a class of antioxidants in plants that have many biological functions like anticancer effects. Gallic acid (GA) is a natural polyhydroxy phenolic compound and commonly found in various foods. In the present study, GA effects alone and in combination with low-level laser irradiation on human dermal fibroblast cell line (HDF), human non-tumorigenic breast epithelial cell line (MCF10A), breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) and melanoma cancer cell line (A375) was under the investigation. Methods: The normal and cancerous cell lines were exposed to 660 nm low-level laser with 3 J/cm 2 for 90 s. Then, the cells were treated with different concentrations of GA for 24 h. In another study, the cell lines firstly were treated with GA and then exposed to low-level laser irradiation. The effects of GA and low-level laser on cell survival and apoptosis were examined using MTT assay, light microscopy, ROS production assay, fluorescence microscopy (AO/EB double staining) and flow cytometry. Results: The results showed that pre-treatment with low-level laser and then GA reduced the survival of breast cancer cells and melanoma more than the first treatment with GA and then low-level laser irradiation. Our findings showed that ROS production in cells treated with both low-level laser and GA was more than the cells treated with GA alone. The apoptosis and ferroptosis assays confirmed the MTT results which combination treatment with low-level laser and then GA increase the cell death probably via apoptosis and ferroptosis cell death mechanisms compared to GA alone. Conclusions: This study suggests that low-level laser irradiation alone is not able to cause death in human normal and cancerous cells. Preirradiation followed by GA treatment did not change the cell viability in human normal significantly but reduces the cell survival of cancer cells more than GA alone.

Terminalia bentzoë, a Mascarene Endemic Plant, Inhibits Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells Growth In Vitro via G0/G1 Phase Cell Cycle Arrest

“…In this vein, the current study evidenced the ability of T. bentzoë to impede the replicative potential of HepG2 cells ( Figure 1 ). Numerous anticancer agents, including polyphenols, are known to abrogate the limitless replicative ability of different cancer cell variants [ 51 , 52 ]. Catechin, catechin-3- O -gallate, 7- O -galloyl catechin and methyl gallate purified from Acasis hydaspica are reported to suppress the long-term clonal proliferation of prostate cancer (PC-3) cells [ 53 ].…”

Ferroptosis in Cancer Treatment: Another Way to Rome

“…The expression level of SLC7A11 is higher in either glioblastoma (GBM) patient biopsies or glioma cell lines than in normal brain tissues (44); thus, inhibiting system X − c or GPX4 by ferroptosis inducers enhances the therapeutic effect of radiation in breast cancer, sarcoma, and glioblastoma (40,41,(43)(44)(45). Khorsandi et al showed that the use of gallic acid (GA, a natural polyhydroxy phenolic compound) after pre-irradiation can significantly reduce the survival rate of breast cancer and melanoma cells mainly through inhibition of GPX4 activity without affecting normal cells (42). Recently, Lei et al found that IR also upregulates the expression of ferroptosis marker genes such as PTGS2 in most of the cancer cell lines.…”

Molecular interaction and cellular studies on combination photodynamic therapy with rutoside for melanoma A375 cancer cells: an in vitro study

“…The intracellular ROS accumulation was measured using the 7.2-dichlorofluorosine diacetate (DCFH2-DA) assay [ 8 ]. For this purpose, A375 melanoma cancer cells were cultured in approximately 10 6 cells per petri dish.…”

“…There are different strategies for the treatment of melanoma cancer such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, which most of them have some side effects and consequently lead to cancer cell resistance. Up to now, many studies have suggested various alternative therapies for increasing therapeutic efficacy of melanoma drugs and reducing their resistance using the combination therapy [ 7 ], low level laser irradiation [ 8 ], reducing cholesterol [ 9 ], and controlling obesity [ 10 , 11 ].…”