Anti-bacterial Activity of Crude Flavonoid Fraction from Bidens pilosa Leaves against Selected Chronic Wound Bacterial Pathogens

Abstract

Aims: Bidens pilosa is an extraordinary source of phytochemicals particularly flavonoids especially in leaves which have been attributed in various studies due to its antibacterial properties. The present study aimed at addressing bio-burden of chronic wound through proving a possible source of new antimicrobial product for wound healing.
 Methodology: Solvent-solvent extraction method was used to isolate crude flavonoid fraction from leaves of B. pilosa using ether, chloroform, ethylacetate and methanol (1:1:1). Thin-layer chromatography was used to identify crude flavonoid fraction using methanol/n-hexane (1:2: v/v) as mobile phase solvents. Agar well diffusion method was used to determine anti-bacterial activity of crude flavonoid against bacterial pathogens: Susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC®27853™, resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ATCC®25923™, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal contrition (MBC) were also determined using broth dilution and culture methods.
 Results: Thin-layer chromatographic profiling revealed an identity of three different spots with flavonoids from B. pilosa leaves showing three bands with Rf values 0.51, 0.60 and 0.63. The mean and standard deviation zone of inhibition of crude flavonoids ranged from 11.50±0.50 mm to 17.50±1.50 mm. The mean and standard deviation of positive controls (Ciproflaxacin, Co-Amoxiclay and Voncomycin) ranged from 0.00±0.00 to 22.50±0.50 mm. MIC and MBC of crude flavonoids ranged from 12.5-25.0 mg/mL and 50 to 200 mg/mL respectively. The flavonoid fraction was more effective against gram positive bacteria than on gram negative bacteria and it exhibited bactericidal effect on Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, resistant P. aureginosa, sensitive P.aureginosa and S. pneumonia.
 Conclusion: B. pilosa leaves could be a potential source for future drug development from flavonoid to address the issue of need for new antibiotics due to alarming burden of antimicrobial resistance in last resort antibiotics.

Bidens pilosa Linn.: Beautiful Weed for the Healthy Mouth – A Mini Review

“…The polyacetylenes and flavonoids present in both extracts are important in the inhibition of various pathogenic organisms, reduction of gastric acid secretion, and activity against chemical-and bacteria-induced gastric lesions and ulcers [7]. Flavonoids are responsible for antibacterial activity against sensitive and resistant strains [34]. The acetylene and flavonoid are also responsible for antimalarial activity.…”

“…3). Moreover, the leaves and flowers extracts of B. pilosa showed antibacterial activities against drug-resistant bacteria, such as oxacillin resistant S. aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus and resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Migula 1900 [34,21]. Evidence from an experimental study showed that hexane fraction of root had antimycobacterial against Mycobacterium tuberculosis Zopf 1883 strains (drug sensitive and resistant) [16].…”

“…When used as antiseptic or antimicrobial in formulation, the photoactivation of polyacetylene by sun-or fluorescent-light prior to use will enhanced the antimicrobial power [9]. The other groups are also involved in antimicrobial action, for instance flavonoids [34], saponins, alkaloids, polyphenols, sterols, triterpenoids, and tannins [14,16,21]. The tannins, or tannic acids, are categorized as a Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) for human but toxic to microbial cells.…”

“…The aqueous infusion of B. pilosa has very active antioxidant and employs its protective effect at low amounts at IC50 of 1.19 mg mL -1 DW of infusion [3]. The IC50 antioxidant value of plants might be reported a bit difference from one to other places due to variation in the plant growth environment, the harvesting season, the physiological stage of the harvested plant and extraction method [22,38,34]. The antioxidant activity has been connected to the presence of flavonoids, such as quercetin [30], and polyacetylenes [23,30], tannins [81], polyacetylenes [23], polysaccharides, carotenoids, amines, lactones, mineral elements, and coumarins.…”

Minireview: Formulasi Obat Kumur Ekstrak Daun Ketul (Bidens pilosa)

“…Dari penelusuran pustaka diketahui bahwa ketul mengandung beberapa senyawa fitokimia yang terbukti dapat menghambat pertumbuhan berbagai bakteri. Dalam ekstrak etanol daun ketul (Bidens pilosa), yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri adalah tannin (komponen fitokimia paling banyak ditemukan), glikosida jantung, saponin, alkaloid, steroid, dan flavonoid (Nakibuule et al, 2019). Ekstrak daun ketul juga terbukti mengandung flavonoid yang aktif menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri yang resisten terhadap obat antibiotika, seperti Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae dan Staphylococcus epidermidis yang resisten terhadap obat antibiotika (Nakibuule et al, 2019), (Silva et al, 2014) (Ezeonwumelu et al, 2017).…”