Anthropometric, Body Composition and Nutritional Profiles of Bodybuilders During Training

Heyward, Vivian H.; Sandoval, Wendy M.; Colville, Bette C.

doi:10.1519/00124278-198905000-00001

Cited by 10 publications

(14 citation statements)

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“…Hence, the bodybuilders' physical training enabled most of their FFM to be preserved despite the fact that they were all in negative energy balance. Our ®ndings are in accordance with those of Heyward et al (1989), whose two-compartment hydrodensitometric model showed that 81.7 and 18.3% of a 6.0 kg body mass decrement during preparation for a bodybuilding contest came from the FM and FFM, respectively. The two-compartment hydrodensitometric model of Broz Ïek et al (1963) separates the body into the FM and FFM.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Sandoval et al (1989) also reported a lower value of 20.2 mm for the sum of three skinfolds (this study: 24.9 mm; triceps iliac crest front thigh) using Lange calipers. There are some interesting similarities between the present investigation and the only other longitudinal study in the literature by Heyward et al (1989). They reported a similar body mass decrement of 6.0 kg (À10.3%) compared with our 5.8 kg (À8.7%), but the duration ranged from 6 to 17 weeks for their 12 subjects whereas our decrease occurred over 12 weeks.…”

Section: Body Composition Of Female Bodybuilderssupporting

confidence: 83%

“…The precompetition 12.4 %BF via two-compartment hydrodensitometry is therefore higher than those of 9.5 %BF and 8.4 %BF for Heyward et al (1989) and Sandoval et al (1989), respectively. Nevertheless, the lower %BF reported by Heyward et al (1989) is supported by their similar precompetition value of 36.3 mm for the sum of ®ve skinfolds (this study: 35.8 mm; triceps subscapular iliac crest abdominal front thigh) via Lange calipers which yield 10% higher values than the Harpenden calipers used in this study (Gruber et al, 1990). Sandoval et al (1989) also reported a lower value of 20.2 mm for the sum of three skinfolds (this study: 24.9 mm; triceps iliac crest front thigh) using Lange calipers.…”

Section: Body Composition Of Female Bodybuildersmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Furthermore, only two Sandoval et al, 1989) of these latter four groups estimated %BF using the primary method of hydrodensitometry, but their residual volume (RV) measurements were conducted on land, which has been shown to yield a higher RV and hence lower %BF than when RV is measured with the subject immersed (Withers & Hamdorf, 1989). The precompetition 12.4 %BF via two-compartment hydrodensitometry is therefore higher than those of 9.5 %BF and 8.4 %BF for Heyward et al (1989) and Sandoval et al (1989), respectively. Nevertheless, the lower %BF reported by Heyward et al (1989) is supported by their similar precompetition value of 36.3 mm for the sum of ®ve skinfolds (this study: 35.8 mm; triceps subscapular iliac crest abdominal front thigh) via Lange calipers which yield 10% higher values than the Harpenden calipers used in this study (Gruber et al, 1990).…”

Section: Body Composition Of Female Bodybuildersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When preparing for competition they increase training volume and decrease energy intake to minimize subcutaneous body fat and enhance muscular de®nition. While anthropometric and body composition pro®les of competitive female bodybuilders have been reported in the literature (Carlson et al, 1988;Elliot et al, 1987;Freedson et al, 1983;Heyward et al, 1989;Johnson et al, 1990;Kleiner et al, 1990Kleiner et al, , 1994Sandoval et al, 1989;Walberg-Rankin et al, 1993), only four of these groups Kleiner et al, 1990Kleiner et al, , 1994Sandoval et al, 1989) speci®ed that their data were collected just before competition. Furthermore, only one study examined anthropometric and body composition changes in female bodybuilders during preparation for competition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Body composition changes in female bodybuilders during preparation for competition

et al. 2001

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Objective: To determine anthropometric and body composition changes in female bodybuilders during preparation for competition. Design: There was an attempt to match subjects in the control and experimental groups for height and percentage body fat (%BF) for the initial test of this longitudinal study. Subjects: Five competitive bodybuilders (X AE s.d.: 35.3 AE 5.7 y; 167.3 AE 3.7 cm; 66.38 AE 6.30 kg; 18.3 AE 3.5 %BF) and ®ve athletic females (X AE s.d.: 30.9AE 13.0 y; 166.9 AE 3.9 cm; 55.94 AE 3.59 kg; 19.1 AE 3.3 %BF) were recruited from advertisements in a bodybuilding newsletter and placed on sports centre noticeboards. Interventions: The following measurements were conducted 12 weeks, 6 weeks and 3 ± 5 d before the bodybuilders' competitions: anthropometric pro®le, body density by underwater weighing, total body water via deuterium dilution and bone mineral mass from a dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scan. A combination of the last three measurements enabled the %BF to the determined by a four compartment model. Results: A signi®cant (P 0.001) 5.80 kg body mass loss by the bodybuilders as they prepared for competition was primarily due to a reduction in fat mass (FM; À4.42 kg; 76.2%) as opposed to fat-free mass (FFM; À1.38 kg; 23.8%). The decreases in body mass and FM over the ®nal 6 weeks were greater than those over the ®rst 6 weeks. Their %BF decreased (P`0.001) from 18.3 to 12.7, whereas the values for the control group remained essentially unchanged at 19.1 ± 19.6 %BF. These body composition changes by the bodybuilders were accompanied by a signi®cant decline (P`0.001) of 25.5 mm (76.3 ± 50.8 mm) in the sum of eight skinfold thicknesses (triceps subscapular biceps iliac crest supraspinale abdominal front thigh medial calf). Conclusions: Although the bodybuilders presented with low %BFs at the start of the experiment, they still signi®cantly decreased their body mass during the 12 week preparation for competition and most of this loss was due to a reduction in FM as opposed to FFM. Sponsorship: Australian Research Council (small grants scheme). Descriptors: four-compartment body composition model; dual energy X-ray absorptiometry; somatotype

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Body Composition Of Female Bodybuilderssupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Body Composition Of Female Bodybuildersmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Body Composition Of Female Bodybuildersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Body composition changes in female bodybuilders during preparation for competition

et al. 2001

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Nutritional Status and Lipld Profiles of Trained Steroid-Using Bodybuilders

Keith¹,

Stone²,

Carson³

et al. 1996

International Journal of Sport Nutrition

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Fourteen trained male anabolic steroid-using bodybuilders (SBBs) (19-41 years) were recruited for the study. Three-day diet records were obtained from SBBs and analyzed. A resting venous blood sample was drawn, and serum/ plasma was subsequently analyzed for various nutritionally related factors. Results showed that mean dietary energy (4,469 ± 1,406 kcal), protein (252 ± 109 g), and vitamin and mineral intakes of SBBs greatly exceeded U.S. Recommended Dietary Allowances. Dietary cholesterol intake was 2.8 times the recommended levels. Mean serum/plasma nutrient concentrations of SBBs were within normal range. However, individual SBBs had a number of serum/ plasma values outside of the normal or recommended range, the most notable of which was hypercalcemia, which was present in 42% of SBBs. Serum/plasma lipids were such as to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in these subjects.

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Preparation of Former Heavyweight Oarsmen to Compete as Lightweight Rowers Over 16 Weeks: Three Case Studies

Slater¹,

Rice²,

Jenkins³

et al. 2006

International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism

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To strengthen the depth of lightweight rowing talent, we sought to identify experienced heavyweight rowers who possessed physique traits that predisposed them to excellence as a lightweight. Identified athletes (n = 3) were monitored over 16 wk. Variables measured included performance, anthropometric indices, and selected biochemical and metabolic parameters. All athletes decreased their body mass (range 2.0 to 8.0 kg), with muscle mass accounting for a large proportion of this (31.7 to 84.6%). Two athletes were able to maintain their performance despite reductions in body mass. However, performance was compromised for the athlete who experienced the greatest weight loss. In summary, smaller heavyweight rowers can successfully make the transition into the lightweight category, being nationally competitive in their first season as a lightweight.

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Anthropometric, Body Composition and Nutritional Profiles of Bodybuilders During Training

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Body composition changes in female bodybuilders during preparation for competition

Body composition changes in female bodybuilders during preparation for competition

Nutritional Status and Lipld Profiles of Trained Steroid-Using Bodybuilders

Preparation of Former Heavyweight Oarsmen to Compete as Lightweight Rowers Over 16 Weeks: Three Case Studies

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