Anthrax

Dixon, Terry C.; Meselson, Matthew; Guillemin, Jeanne; Hanna, Philip C.

doi:10.1056/nejm199909093411107

Cited by 904 publications

(976 citation statements)

References 97 publications

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“…Painful lymphadenopathy and sepsis can arise. With treatment, local cutaneous anthrax has a mortality rate of less than 1%; if the disease becomes systemic, mortality may be as high as 20% [26]. GI anthrax, while not common, occurs naturally as a result of ingesting poorly cooked, contaminated meat.…”

Section: Anthrax (Category A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The incubation period is usually less than 1 week, but it can be as much as 6 weeks. Initial symptoms of the clinically and fairly consistent 2-stage disease are nonspecific, with fever, chills, myalgia, cough, and sore throat [26]. Substernal chest pain, dyspnea, abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting are common.…”

Section: Anthrax (Category A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Death ensues approximately 24 to 36 h after the appearance of respiratory distress, but sometimes it occurs within hours [26]. Untreated, mortality reaches 95%.…”

Section: Anthrax (Category A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Corticosteriods are recommended in all patients who have pulmonary edema, respiratory failure, and meningitis [12]. In anthrax meningitis, steroids have been reported to improve survival [26]; however, their use is controversial in adults, but it has improved outcome in children.…”

Section: Neurological Manifestationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Treatment of Neuroterrorism

Busl

Bleck

2012

Neurotherapeutics

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Bioterrorism is defined as the intentional use of biological, chemical, nuclear, or radiological agents to cause disease, death, or environmental damage. Early recognition of a bioterrorist attack is of utmost importance to minimize casualties and initiate appropriate therapy. The range of agents that could potentially be used as weapons is wide, however, only a few of these agents have all the characteristics making them ideal for that purpose. Many of the chemical and biological weapons can cause neurological symptoms and damage the nervous system in varying degrees. Therefore, preparedness among neurologists is important. The main challenge is to be cognizant of the clinical syndromes and to be able to differentiate diseases caused by bioterrorism from naturally occurring disorders. This review provides an overview of the biological and chemical warfare agents, with a focus on neurological manifestation and an approach to treatment from a perspective of neurological critical care.

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Section: Anthrax (Category A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Anthrax (Category A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Death ensues approximately 24 to 36 h after the appearance of respiratory distress, but sometimes it occurs within hours [26]. Untreated, mortality reaches 95%.…”

Section: Anthrax (Category A)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Neurological Manifestationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Treatment of Neuroterrorism

Busl

Bleck

2012

Neurotherapeutics

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“…Clindamycin has been suggested to have antitoxin properties (as in the treatment of toxic shock associated with group A streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, and Clostridium infections). Steroids have been used to control the edema of cutaneous disease and have been suggested for the treatment of meningitis or substantial mediastinal edema ( 13 ). Other antitoxin agents investigated in vitro include angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and tumor necrosis factor inhibitors.…”

Section: Treatment3mentioning

confidence: 99%