Anthocyanin Extraction from Jaboticaba Skin (Myrciaria cauliflora Berg.) Using Conventional and Non-Conventional Methods

Abstract

This study evaluated the effect of different extraction technologies and conditions in order to obtain jaboticaba skin extracts. Firstly, the skins were extracted by conventional extraction, according to a rotatable central composite design, varying ethanol concentration, solid:liquid ratio, and temperature. Next, ultrasound-assisted extraction was performed using different power densities and times. Finally, high-pressure extractions were performed with varying pressures and times. For agitated bed extraction, the highest anthocyanin content was observed for ethanol concentrations varying between 60% and 80%. Thus, the independent variables which more influenced anthocyanin content were ethanol concentration and solid:liquid ratio. Folin–Ciocalteu reducing capacity was linearly affected by the increase in temperature. Ethanol concentration was the variable that most influenced ABTS+. On the other hand, the increase in ethanol concentration decreased the antioxidant capacity by ABTS+. Considering the ultrasound extraction, increasing its power did not affect total monomeric anthocyanins content, while the increase in process time had better yields. The highest antioxidant capacity and total monomeric anthocyanins were found for the highest extraction time. Similarly, with ultrasound, the increase in high hydrostatic-assisted extraction time positively influenced anthocyanin content and antioxidant capacity. As a result, the ultrasound-assisted method was found to be the best extraction technology for anthocyanins recovery.

A comprehensive review of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) for bioactive components: Principles, advantages, equipment, and combined technologies

“…UAE is more advanced technique than conventional technique [85] Cannabinoids and Terpenes from Cannabis P = 450 W f = 20 kHz t = 60 min T = 30 °C A = 20–100 % S: Ethanol Compared to MAE, UAE increased crude oil yield by 14.39 %, cannabinoid concentration by 13.21–39.24 %, and total terpene extraction by 14.67 % [86] Phenolic from Raspberries Strawberries and Blackberries P = 700 W f = 20 kHz t = 45 min T ≤ 40 °C A = 50 % S: Ethanol Using methanol or ethanol as solvent is better than using water as solvent [87] Anthocyanin from Jaboticaba skin Pd = 150 W/L f = 20 kHz t = 10 min UAE was a time-saving extraction technology in comparison to agitated-bed and high hydrostatic pressure-assisted extraction. And UAE was mainly influenced by the extraction time [88] Oil from Rice bran P = 750 W f = 20 kHz t = 1 min T = 25 °C A = 40 % The yields obtained by solvent extraction and UAE were similar, but UAE significantly reduced the extraction time [89] Starch from Mango P = 480 W f = 20 kHz t = 20 min UAE significantly enhances starch properties, such as amylose content, water- and oil-holding capacity, solubility, and swelling power [90] Ultrasonic bath Oil from Peanut seeds P = 300 W f = 40 kHz t = 60 min T = 30 °C S: Hexane Oxidation of oils extracted with UAE was slightly higher than that without UAE [91] Oil from Olea europaea L. P = 165 W f = 40 kHz and 585 kHz t = 10 min A combination of low-frequency sonication and megasonic has more advantages than a double megasonic treatment [92] Oil from Crambe seed P = 165 W f = 25 kHz t = 90 min T = 60 °C S: Hexan...…”