Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer: Loading mechanisms, risk factors, and prevention programs

Dai, Boyi; Mao, Dewei; Garrett, William E.; Yu, Bing

doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2014.06.002

Cited by 78 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 75 publications

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“…32, 34 -37 The effectiveness of prevention interventions on anterior cruciate ligament injury rates in soccer is inconsistent. 38 In contrast, 7-to 11-year-old patients and male patients were more likely to sustain a fracture than patients who were older or female. In part this difference may be due to more physical play by boys and to the fact that young children commonly fall forward onto outstretched arms, which often results in upper extremity fractures.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 90%

Soccer-Related Injuries Treated in Emergency Departments: 1990–2014

2016

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To investigate the epidemiology of youth soccer-related injuries treated in emergency departments in the United States. METHODS:A retrospective analysis was conducted of soccer-related injuries among children 7 through 17 years of age from 1990 through 2014 with data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System. Injury rates were calculated from soccer participation data. RESULTS:An estimated 2 995 765 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2 309 112-3 682 418) children 7 through 17 years old were treated in US emergency departments for soccer-related injuries during the 25-year study period, averaging 119 831 (95% CI, 92 364-147 297) annually. The annual injury rate per 10 000 soccer participants increased significantly, by 111.4%, from 1990 to 2014. Patients 12 to 17 years old accounted for 72.7% of injuries, 55.5% of patients were male, and most injuries occurred in a place of sport or recreation (68.5%) or school (25.7%). Struck by (38.5%) and fell (28.7%) were the leading mechanisms of injury. Injuries most commonly were diagnosed as sprain or strain (34.6%), fracture (23.2%), and soft tissue injury (21.9%), and occurred to the upper extremity (20.7%), ankle (17.8%), and head or neck (17.7%). Concussions or other closed head injuries accounted for 7.3% of the injuries, but the annual rate of concussions/closed head injuries per 10 000 participants increased significantly, by 1595.6%, from 1990 to 2014. CONCLUSIONS:This study is the first to comprehensively investigate soccer-related injuries and calculate injury rates based on soccer participation data among children at the national level. The increasing number and rate of pediatric soccer-related injuries, especially soccerrelated concussions/closed head injuries, underscore the need for increased efforts to prevent these injuries.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 90%

Soccer-Related Injuries Treated in Emergency Departments: 1990–2014

2016

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“…[11][12][13][14] Arguments regarding ACL injury mechanisms and risk factors, however, still exist. While evidence has suggested sagittal plane loading including increased anterior shear force and decreased knee flexion angle as the most important loading mechanism for the ACL, 11,12,14 some investigators believe that a frontal plane "valgus collapse" may be the major mechanism for ACL injury, especially in women. 6,15,16 Quantitative biomechanical analysis of ACL injury cases is an effective way to understand ACL injury mechanisms and risk factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical characteristics of an anterior cruciate ligament injury in javelin throwing

Dai

Mao

Garrett

et al. 2015

Journal of Sport and Health Science

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to understand the mechanism of an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in javelin throwing and javelin throwing techniques relevant to this ACL injury. Methods: The patient in this study was an elite female javelin thrower who completed the first three trials and sustained a non-contact ACL injury on her left knee in the fourth trial of javelin throwing during a recent track and field meet. Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected in the injury and non-injury trials. The kinematic data of 52 male and 54 female elite javelin throwers were obtained from a javelin throwing biomechanical database. Results: The patient had greater forward center of mass velocity and less vertical center of mass velocity after the first 25% of the delivery phase in the injury trial compared to non-injury trials. The patient had less left knee flexion angle and angular velocity but similar left knee valgus and internal rotation angles during the first 21% of the delivery phase in the injury trial compared to non-injury trials. The video images showed an obvious tibia anterior translation at the 30% of the delivery phase in the injury trial. The left knee flexion angle and angular velocity at the time of the left foot landing and the maximal left knee flexion angle during the delivery phase were not significantly correlated to the official distance for 52 male and 54 female elite javelin throwers. Conclusion: The ACL injury in this study occurred during the first 30% of the delivery phase, most likely during the first 25% of the delivery phase. A stiff landing of the left leg with a small knee flexion angle was the primary contributor to this injury. Javelin throwers may have a soft left leg landing with a flexed knee, which may help them prevent ACL injuries without compromising performance.

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“…It was also documented that muscle fatigue is one of the modifiable risk factors of ACL injury [14,15]. Injury incidence data show an increased risk of injury towards the end of matches, when fatigue is most likely to be present [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Effect of Basketball-Specific Exercise on Lower Limb Injury Risk Mechanisms in Male Basketball Players U16 and U18

Lehnert

Hůlka

Croix

et al. 2018

RISM

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The aim of this study was to examine and compare the acute effects of basketball-specific fatigue on muscular stiffness and reactive strength in male adolescent basketball players of two age categories. Reactive strength, expressed by means of the reactive strength index (RSI), and leg stiffness (LS) as mechanisms associated with the risk of ACL injury were measured in eleven players of the U16 category (age 16.1±0.4 years; body height 185±6.5cm; body mass 74.3±9.9kg) and ten players of the U18 category (age 17.7±0.4 years; body height 187±5.7cm; body mass 79.7±7.4kg) pre and post simulated basketball match play (SBFP 28 ). RSI was determined by a drop jump test, LS by a 20 sub-maximal two-legged hopping test. No significant effects of SBFP28 on the monitored parameters were observed with the exception of RSI in U16 (p=0.013, r=0.53). Similarly, there were no significant differences in the fatigue-related responses to SBFP 28 for RSI and LS between the age groups. These results indicated that irrespective of age, the stabilization function of the knee muscles was not impaired and consequently the risk of ACL injury was not increased.

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Anterior cruciate ligament injuries in soccer: Loading mechanisms, risk factors, and prevention programs

Cited by 78 publications

References 75 publications

Soccer-Related Injuries Treated in Emergency Departments: 1990–2014

Soccer-Related Injuries Treated in Emergency Departments: 1990–2014

Biomechanical characteristics of an anterior cruciate ligament injury in javelin throwing

Acute Effect of Basketball-Specific Exercise on Lower Limb Injury Risk Mechanisms in Male Basketball Players U16 and U18

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