Antenna electrodes for controlling electroluminescence

Huang, Kevin; Seo, Min-Kyo; Huo, Yijie; Sarmiento, Tomás; Harris, James S.; Brongersma, Mark L.

doi:10.1038/ncomms1985

Cited by 33 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 43 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The fi rst tailored design of the integration of ED quantum light with antenna electrodes that simultaneously achieved current injection and optical EL manipulation was shown in 2012. [ 95 ] Re-engineered conventional metallic stripe electrodes were used to form optical antennas capable of controlling the EL from an In 0.6 Ga 0.84 As/GaAs quantum wells. This work experimentally demonstrated that antenna electrodes modify the polarization and angular distribution of the quantum well emission at 970 nm.…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrically Driven Quantum Light Sources

Boretti

Rosa

Mackie

et al. 2015

Advanced Optical Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Typical applications of quantum light require optical sources which generate either individual photons or entangled (correlated) photons. For the sake of practicality and scalability, these quantum sources should be easily produced, operate at room temperature, and be electrically excited and controlled. Here, recent research on quantum sources obtained from electrically driven (ED) devices constructed from p-n junctions integrated in planar optical cavities, micropillars, nanowires, photonic crystals, and active plasmonic elements is reviewed. Single-photon and entangled-photon sources are distinguished by their different roles in the development of either quantum cryptography or quantum computing protocols, and the different types of devices used to produce them are highlighted, with a focus on their spectral emission, brightness, and conditions of operation. Achievements to date are summarized and compared with prerequisites for the practical use of these sources. Important recent results that could provide future novel quantum sources are also in focus, where more practical requirements could be addressed by the judicious engineering of materials and careful device design

show abstract

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrically Driven Quantum Light Sources

Boretti

Rosa

Mackie

et al. 2015

Advanced Optical Materials

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Semiconductor emitters have been further limited by large surface recombination losses and by processing difficulties at the extremely small dimensions. Semiconductor experiments (29,30) show weak antenna-emitter coupling, with the antenna enhancement sometimes masked by metal-induced elastic scattering that enhances light extraction from the semiconductor substrate. Light extraction alone can increase optical emission by 4n 2 , as often used in commercial light-emitting diodes (LEDs), without necessarily modifying the spontaneous emission rate (31,32).…”

Section: Nanophotonics | Metal Optics | Plasmonics | Ultrafast Devicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical antenna enhanced spontaneous emission

Eggleston

Messer

Zhang³

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

139

157

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Atoms and molecules are too small to act as efficient antennas for their own emission wavelengths. By providing an external optical antenna, the balance can be shifted; spontaneous emission could become faster than stimulated emission, which is handicapped by practically achievable pump intensities. In our experiments, InGaAsP nanorods emitting at ∼200 THz optical frequency show a spontaneous emission intensity enhancement of 35× corresponding to a spontaneous emission rate speedup ∼115×, for antenna gap spacing, d = 40 nm. Classical antenna theory predicts ∼2,500× spontaneous emission speedup at d ∼ 10 nm, proportional to 1/d 2 . Unfortunately, at d < 10 nm, antenna efficiency drops below 50%, owing to optical spreading resistance, exacerbated by the anomalous skin effect (electron surface collisions). Quantum dipole oscillations in the emitter excited state produce an optical ac equivalent circuit current, I o = qωjx o j/d, feeding the antenna-enhanced spontaneous emission, where qjx o j is the dipole matrix element. Despite the quantum-mechanical origin of the drive current, antenna theory makes no reference to the Purcell effect nor to local density of states models. Moreover, plasmonic effects are minor at 200 THz, producing only a small shift of antenna resonance frequency.A ntennas emerged at the dawn of radio, concentrating electromagnetic energy within a small volume <<λ 3 , enabling nonlinear radio detection. Such coherent detection is essential for radio receivers and has been used since the time of Hertz (1). Conversely, an antenna can efficiently extract radiation from a subwavelength source, such as a small cellphone. Despite the importance of radio antennas, 100 y went by before optical antennas began to be used to help extract optical frequency radiation from very small sources such as dye molecules (2-10) and quantum dots (11)(12)(13)(14).In optics, spontaneous emission is caused by dipole oscillations in the excited state of atoms, molecules, or quantum dots. The main problem is that a molecule is far too small to act as an efficient antenna for its own electromagnetic radiation. Antenna length, l, makes a huge difference in radiation rate. An ideal antenna would preferably be λ/2, a half-wavelength in size. To the degree that an atomic dipole of length l is smaller than λ/2, the antenna radiation rate Δω is proportional to ω(l/λ) 3 , as given by the Wheeler limit (15). Spontaneous emission from molecular-sized radiators is thus slowed by many orders of magnitude, because radiation wavelengths are much larger than the atoms themselves. Therefore, the key to speeding up spontaneous emission is to couple the radiating molecule to a proper antenna of sufficient size.Since the emergence of lasers in 1960, stimulated emission has been faster than spontaneous emission. Now the opposite is possible. In the right circumstances, antenna-enhanced spontaneous emission could become faster than stimulated emission. Theoretically, very large bandwidth >100 GHz or >1 THz is possible when the light emitter is ...

show abstract

“…In contrast, longer nanowires act as waveguides for surface plasmons7 and coupling of quantum emitters results in confined transport of the emitted photons89. On the other hand, optical antennas aim to maximize the power radiated by quantum emitters to the far field into well-defined modes of the light field610. Nanowire antennas are an ideal platform to explore single-photon emission beyond usual electric dipole radiation thanks to the higher-order resonances of such nanorod antennas.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Multipolar radiation of quantum emitters with nanowire optical antennas

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Multipolar transitions other than electric dipoles are generally too weak to be observed at optical frequencies in single quantum emitters. For example, fluorescent molecules and quantum dots have dimensions much smaller than the wavelength of light and therefore emit predominantly as electric dipoles. Here we demonstrate controlled emission of a quantum dot into multipolar radiation through selective coupling to a linear nanowire antenna. The antenna resonance tailors the interaction of the quantum dot with light, effectively creating a hybrid nanoscale source beyond the simple Hertz dipole. Our findings establish a basis for the controlled driving of fundamental modes in nanoantennas and metamaterials, for the understanding of the coupling of quantum emitters to nanophotonic devices such as waveguides and nanolasers, and for the development of innovative quantum nano-optics components with properties not found in nature.

show abstract

Antenna electrodes for controlling electroluminescence

Cited by 33 publications

References 43 publications

Electrically Driven Quantum Light Sources

Electrically Driven Quantum Light Sources

Optical antenna enhanced spontaneous emission

Multipolar radiation of quantum emitters with nanowire optical antennas

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About