Antagonistic fungi, Trichoderma spp.: Panoply of biological control

Verma, Mausam P.; Brar, Satinder Kaur; Tyagi, Rajeshwar Dayal; Surampalli, R. Y.; Valero, José R. Lerma

doi:10.1016/j.bej.2007.05.012

Cited by 572 publications

(338 citation statements)

References 165 publications

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“…One of them, characterized as T. viride, was regularly found in all analyzed soil samples. This corroborates the data reported by Villalobos et al (24), who detected soil as a complex habitat that provides adequate nutrient levels and biotic and abiotic factors as protection strategies to isolate Trichoderma species (23).…”

Section: Biocontrol Assaysupporting

confidence: 82%

Symbiotic and endophytic fungi as biocontrols against cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) phytopathogens

2017

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Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a tropical tree, seriously affected by fungal diseases. To control several pathogens, biological methods are prescribed since they are friendly to the environment and easy to use. The main objective of this study was to assess the biocontrol effect of two native strains, Trichoderma viride and Botryosphaeria quercum, on phytopathogens such as Phytophthora palmivora and Moniliophtora roreri, causal agents of black pod and frosty pod rot diseases, respectively. In addition, biocontrolers were faced on potential mycotoxigenic fungi such as Aspergills flavus and Fusarium solani, which are very common on cocoa. The Bio-Control Index (BCI) was calculated to determine the in vitro biocontrol effect against the biocontrole contra quatro fitopatógenos. Os resultados indicaram que o melhor agente de controle biológico de fitopatogenos era B. quercum, que mostra 82,3% de BCI e 80,7%, 63,3% e 59,7% para cad a um dos fitopatógenos testados, respectivamente. A competição por substrato foi a estratégia utilizada no controle biológico. As estirpes, provenientes do Departamento de Santander e Santander Norte apresentaram a maior inibição percentual média. Este estudo é um inicial para sobre o poten c ial endófito e antagonística de fungos, capazes de colonizar as especificamente bagas de cacau e solo. Assim, estas estirpes podem ser indicadas uma alternativa eficiente contra fitopatógenos de cacau importantes. Palavras-chave: Cacau, patógenos,cogumelos, biocontroleCocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a tropical American tree flowering all year long and bearing a fruit known as pod. Colombia is the ninth producer in the world and the third one in Latin America, after Brazil and Ecuador. Estimated projections indicate that by 2021 Colombia might produce 285,600 Mg cocoa, as cocoa tree plantations are expected to reach over 230,000 ha (11); however, 50% to 90% cocoa production is affected by fungal diseases (2,4). The most prevailing infections are frosty pod rot (caused by the fungus Moniliophthora roreri) and black pod (the etiological agent of which is Phytophthora sp.), both causing cocoa crop losses of up to 100% (15). In addition, there are secondary infections caused by phytopathogens like Aspergillus and Fusarium that attack opportunistically as cocoa deteriorates, thus accelerating pod degradation and leaving traces of mycotoxins (3).To reduce the effects of fungal phytopathogens, cocoa growers apply good cropping practices, sometimes combined with the use of fungicides. The first method is easy to apply but labor demanding and is only economically viable if the cocoa price in the market is high (8). In the case of fungicides, they certainly protect the plant

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Section: Biocontrol Assaysupporting

confidence: 82%

Symbiotic and endophytic fungi as biocontrols against cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) phytopathogens

2017

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“…are a group of fungi whose application in agricultural settings results in significant economic impacts . As antagonists of other fungi, Trichoderma are the most widely used biofungicides (Verma et al, 2007;Lorito et al, 2010). They also produce numerous secondary metabolites, including potential antibiotics and anti-cancer compounds (Reino et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional analysis of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) in Trichoderma virens reveals a polyketide synthase (PKS)/NRPS hybrid enzyme involved in the induced systemic resistance response in maize

et al. 2012

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Trichoderma virens genome harbours genes encoding 22 non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) with at least one complete module (containing adenylation, thiolation and condensation domains) and four PKS/NRPS (polyketide synthase/NRPS) hybrid enzymes. After a primary screen for expression of these 26 genes when mycelia of T. virens are in contact with maize roots, seven genes that are upregulated were selected for further study. Using homologous recombination, loss-of-function mutants in six of these were obtained (the seventh, tex2, was acquired from our previous studies). Plant assays in a hydroponics system revealed that all seven mutants retained the ability to internally colonize maize roots. However, a mutation in one of the PKS/NRPS hybrid genes impaired the ability of T. virens to induce the defence response gene pal (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), suggesting a putative role for the associated metabolite product in induced systemic resistance. Interestingly, the mutant retained its ability to induce another defence response gene aos (allene oxide synthase). We thus provide evidence that a PKS/NRPS hybrid enzyme is involved in Trichoderma-plant interactions resulting in induction of defence responses.

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“…One such beneficial micro-organism is Trichoderma, a common soil fungus that has been shown to be a credible alternative to pesticides in the control of plant disease (Harman et al, 2004;Verma et al, 2007). In addition to disease control, certain strains also exhibit P-G-P activities (Bae et al, 2009;Contreras-Cornejo et al, 2009;Harman et al, 2004;Ortíz-Castro et al, 2009;Verma et al, 2007;Vinale et al, 2008Vinale et al, , 2009). These dual attributes make Trichoderma species attractive as both biocontrol agents and plant growth stimulants.…”

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confidence: 99%

Saprotrophic competitiveness and biocontrol fitness of a genetically modified strain of the plant-growth-promoting fungus Trichoderma hamatum GD12

et al. 2012

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Trichoderma species are ubiquitous soil fungi that hold enormous potential for the development of credible alternatives to agrochemicals and synthetic fertilizers in sustainable crop production. In this paper, we show that substantial improvements in plant productivity can be met by genetic modification of a plant-growth-promoting and biocontrol strain of Trichoderma hamatum, but that these improvements are obtained in the absence of disease pressure only. Using a quantitative monoclonal antibody-based ELISA, we show that an N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase-deficient mutant of T. hamatum, generated by insertional mutagenesis of the corresponding gene, has impaired saprotrophic competitiveness during antagonistic interactions with Rhizoctonia solani in soil. Furthermore, its fitness as a biocontrol agent of the pre-emergence damping-off pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is significantly reduced, and its ability to promote plant growth is constrained by the presence of both pathogens. This work shows that while gains in T. hamatummediated plant-growth-promotion can be met through genetic manipulation of a single beneficial trait, such a modification has negative impacts on other aspects of its biology and ecology that contribute to its success as a saprotrophic competitor and antagonist of soil-borne pathogens. The work has important implications for fungal morphogenesis, demonstrating a clear link between hyphal architecture and secretory potential. Furthermore, it highlights the need for a holistic approach to the development of genetically modified Trichoderma strains for use as crop stimulants and biocontrol agents in plant agriculture. INTRODUCTIONTrichoderma species are ubiquitous soil saprotrophs that have attracted sustained scientific interest as biological control agents of plant disease. In addition to their biocontrol properties, certain strains have been shown to enhance crop productivity by stimulating plant growth (Contreras-Cornejo et al., 2009;Harman et al., 2004;Ortíz-Castro et al., 2009;Vinale et al., 2008Vinale et al., , 2009. While genetic modification of Trichoderma strains by constitutive overexpression of chitinase, b-glucanase and proteinase genes has allowed the development of strains with improved biocontrol capabilities (Flores et al., 1997;Baek et al., 1999;Limó n et al., 1999;Viterbo et al., 2001;Djonović et al., 2007), less attention has been paid to enhancing the plantgrowth-promoting (P-G-P) activities of these fungi via genetic modification, and the impact that any such modification might have on their saprotrophic competence and fitness as biocontrol agents.In a previous study, we showed that a naturally occurring strain of Trichoderma hamatum was able to promote plant growth in low pH, nutrient-poor peat soils (Thornton, 2008). These soils contain a significant pool of nitrogen sequestered in chitin of insect and fungal origin (Kerley & Read, 1998), and fungal N-acetyl-b-D-glucosaminidase has been shown to be a key chitinolytic enzyme releasing sequestered nitrogen for assimilation ...

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Antagonistic fungi, Trichoderma spp.: Panoply of biological control

Cited by 572 publications

References 165 publications

Symbiotic and endophytic fungi as biocontrols against cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) phytopathogens

Symbiotic and endophytic fungi as biocontrols against cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) phytopathogens

Functional analysis of non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) in Trichoderma virens reveals a polyketide synthase (PKS)/NRPS hybrid enzyme involved in the induced systemic resistance response in maize

Saprotrophic competitiveness and biocontrol fitness of a genetically modified strain of the plant-growth-promoting fungus Trichoderma hamatum GD12

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