Anodizing Pb Electrode for Synthesis of β-PbO₂ Nanoparticles: Optimization of Electrochemical Parameters

Abstract

Lead dioxide (PbO 2 ) nanoparticles are electrodeposited on lead anode, using pulsed and constant direct current (DC) in 4.8 M H 2 SO 4 solution, to improve active surface area and promote catalytic activity of lead electrode. To increase the yield of PbO 2 nanoparticles, current density, temperature and time of anodization are optimized using the response surface methodology. The optimum condition is found to be 25 mA cm −2 current density, 100°C temperature and 4-hour pulsed DC and 1-hour constant current for anodizing time. To increase the yield of nano β-PbO 2 from 41.62% to 99%, porosity of the lead layer is increased and the passive layer of lead sulfate is broken. For this purpose, the lead substrate is pretreated in an electrochemical bath of sulfuric acid and perchloric acid, followed by immersing the electrode in hydrofluoric and nitric acid. Formation mechanism of β-PbO 2 is also identified.

Effect of a Synthesized Pulsed Electrodeposited Ti/PbO2–RuO2 Nanocomposite on Zinc Electrowinning

“…In the high-currentdensity pulse electrodeposition (relative to constant direct current electrodeposition), the rate of nucleation enhanced and dominated the slow growth of grains, resulting in smaller particle sizes. 18,20 RuO 2 -based catalyst nanoparticles were fabricated by Lee et al 21 to study the OER catalytic performance using pure RuO 2 . Based on their results, RuO 2 nanoparticles significantly enhanced the electrochemical performance of synthesized electrodes for the OER.…”

“…Nanoparticles can be synthesized by pulse electrodeposition to have different sizes and morphologies. The pulse electrodeposition method increases the current density and nucleation rate (the number of nuclei formed per unit surface area), which leads to the production of a more stable and homogeneous surface. − Two major competing processes are involved in the deposition of nanostructured coatings of electrodeposition including nucleation and growth of grains. In the high-current-density pulse electrodeposition (relative to constant direct current electrodeposition), the rate of nucleation enhanced and dominated the slow growth of grains, resulting in smaller particle sizes. , …”

Impact of Deposition Condition on the Morphology and Electrochemical Performance of Deposited F-Doped PbO2on Graphite Substrate in Primary PbO2-Zn Battery

“…9,10 The electrochemical characterization of the PbO 2 electrode depends on the morphology (active material network, active surface area, particle size, and compactness) and crystallite phase (α-PbO 2 or β-PbO 2 ) of formed film. [11][12][13] It has been recognized that the morphology and crystalline phase of the deposited PbO 2 is optimized by different factors such as the nature of the substrate, 14 electrodeposition technique, 15 and the deposition process conditions including the temperature, concentration, and additives in the acidic or alkaline electrolyte. 6,16,17 The PbO 2 electrodeposition is attained through diverse electrochemical techniques enclose chronopotentiometry, 18,19 chronoamperometry, 20,21 pulse current, 22,23 pulse reverse electrodeposition 24 and cyclic voltammetry (CV).…”

2.8 V Aqueous Lead Dioxide–Zinc Rechargeable Battery Using H2SO4–K2SO4–KOH Three Electrolytes

“…One way is to use high equilibrium potential cathode and low equilibrium potential anode to widen the operating voltage window of aqueous batteries, for example, lead-acid battery [3][4][5] whose open-circuit voltage can reach to 2.05 V, benefiting from high equilibrium potential (1.69 V) of lead dioxide. For obtaining higher operating voltage, other anode metallic materials except Pb have been explored, such as Cu|H 2 SO 4 |PbO 2 (1.348 V) 6 and Cd|H 2 SO 4 |PbO 2 (2.088 V).…”