Anodic Behavior of Lithium in Aqueous Electrolytes: III . Influence of Flow Velocity, Contact Pressure, and Concentration

Littauer, E. L.; Tsai, K. C.; Hollandsworth, R.P.

doi:10.1149/1.2131566

Cited by 33 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…This category was fi rst investigated in the 1970s at Lockheed. [ 47,48 ] In this system, a lithium metal anode is immersed into a concentrated LiOH aqueous solution and leads, during discharge, to the formation of LiOH, which is partially soluble in the electrolyte: [49][50][51][52] 2Li…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Lithium/Air Battery: Still an Emerging System or a Practical Reality?

et al. 2014

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gas. At the same time, the penetration of renewable energy sources has opened up the possibility of creating a CO 2 -neutral mobility system, where electric vehicles are powered by wind, hydro, and solar energy.Broad fi nancial efforts are being made at a governmental and industrial level to fund research into new areas of energy storage. The U.S. Department of Energy has allocated $20 million to energy storage research in 2012 and $15 million the following year, while the German government has committed itself to ¤200 million between 2011 and 2018; [ 1 ] similar schemes are also being promoted in Japan by the New Energy and Industrial Technology Development Organization (NEDO). The EU-backed "Horizon 2020" program aims at funding research into energy storage technologies, a fi eld where the European Union lags behind the U.S. and East Asia. [ 2 ] Lithium-ion technology has established itself as a type of reliable energy-storage chemistry over the past 20 years, fi rst being used in camcorders, then mobile phones, laptops, and more recently electric cars. However, as the size of the battery pack increases, so does the belief that the cost per kW h and its energy density are not suitable for practical vehicle applications. The Tesla Model S, which sports a 400 km driving range, does so with a whopping 85 kW h battery pack that alone has up to twice the price of a standard economy car. With a current cost higher than 400 $ kW h −1 , electric cars have so far only entered a niche, high-end market where users are willing to pay a premium. Resizing the battery pack, and so the total cost of an electric car, results in a limited driving range (typically 100-150 km) that automatically restricts the use for long-haul journeys and triggers the so-called "range anxiety" feeling. For these reasons, the need to develop energy-storage technologies that enable at least a 500 km driving range, while retaining the same battery pack volume at an affordable price, is of primary interest for governments and car manufacturers. A Brief History of Lithium/Air BatteriesOver the years, the scientifi c community has focused its interest on advanced lithium-ion and fuel cells with only incremental improvements being made. Lithium-ion technology in particular is predicted to reach an asymptotic limit in specifi c Lithium/air is a fascinating energy storage system. The effective exploitation of air as a battery electrode has been the long-time dream of the battery community. Air is, in principle, a no-cost material characterized by a very high specifi c capacity value. In the particular case of the lithium/air system, energy levels approaching that of gasoline have been postulated. It is then not surprising that, in the course of the last decade, great attention has been devoted to this battery by various top academic and industrial laboratories worldwide. This intense investigation, however, has soon highlighted a series of issues that prevent a rapid development of the Li/air electrochemical system. Although several breakthroughs have be...

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Lithium/Air Battery: Still an Emerging System or a Practical Reality?

et al. 2014

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“…While the first reports on lithiumewatereair system appeared in the 1970s from Lockheed Research Laboratories, 60,61 it was only in 1996 that Abraham and Jiang introduced a nonaqueous rechargeable Li-O 2 cell able to exhibit quite interesting electrochemical performances. The main targeted application is the powering of electrified vehicles with the hope of achieving a reasonable driving range (typically more than 550 km before charging, c. 340 miles) although applications in portable electronics and grid energy storage are also of interest.…”

Section: Li-oxygen System For Ultrahigh-energy Density Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives in Lithium Batteries

Poizot

Dolhem

Gaubicher

et al. 2015

Lithium Process Chemistry

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“…Earlier studies revealed that a passive film formed on the lithium anode, which consisted of the compact LiH close to the metal and a porous outer layer LiOH, LiOHÁH 2 O in contact with the alkaline electrolyte. The bi-layer films control the equilibrium of the solution and precipitation at the lithium anode [3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. Earlier efforts modified the electrolytes by introducing additives to make the electrolytes less corrosive.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%