Annual inventory report for Pennsylvania's forests: results from the first three years

McWilliams, William H.; Alerich, Carol A.; Devlin, Daniel A.; Lister, Andrew J.; Lister, Tonya W.; Sterner, Stephen L.; Westfall, James A.

doi:10.2737/ne-rb-159

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Recent U.S. Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis data show that for all stems larger than 2 inches in diameter at breast height (d.b.h. ), red maple and sweet birch are the two most common species, and the most common oak, northern red, is the ninth most abundant hardwood (McWilliams et al 2004). The disparity is especially evident in the sapling (1-to 5-inch d.b.h.)…”

Section: Chapter 1: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The fireoak literature of eastern North America: synthesis and guidelines

Brose¹,

Dey²,

Waldrop³

2014

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Guidelines for using prescribed fire to regenerate and restore upland oak forests, woodlands, and savannas in eastern North America were developed by synthesizing the results of more than 100 scientific publications. The first four chapters provide background information on the values of oak ecosystems, eastern fire history, oak's adaptations to fire, and the findings of fire-oak research conducted over the past 50 years. The final chapter synthesizes that background information into guidelines that explain how to use prescribed fire to facilitate oak seedling establishment, release oak reproduction from competing mesophytic hardwoods, and rehabilitate open oak woodlands, oak savannas, and scrub oak communities. A reference section is also provided for readers desiring to delve more deeply into the associations between periodic fire and oak forests, woodlands, and savannas.

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Section: Chapter 1: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The fireoak literature of eastern North America: synthesis and guidelines

Brose¹,

Dey²,

Waldrop³

2014

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“…Many second growth forests that have historically been dominated by oak ( Quercus spp.) are shifting toward red maple, especially after partial disturbances or selective timber harvests that have removed the larger oak canopies (Nowacki et al 1990; Smith and Vankat 1991; McWilliams et al 2004; Fei et al 2005). As a result, red maple is predicted to continue increasing in abundance in the future (Baah-Acheamfour et al 2017; Sipe and Bazzaz 1995; Fei et al 2005; Sanders-DeMott et al 2017; Wheeler et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Root of the Red Maple Paradox: Two distinct regeneration mechanisms determine leaf morphology, physiology, and competitive success inAcer rubrum

Ostrowsky

Ashton

2022

Preprint

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Red maple is one of the most abundant and wide-ranging tree species in eastern North America and has rapidly increased in abundance over the past century following forest disturbances. This species is both a site- and light-generalist and has the unique ability to regenerate in forms that represent multiple stages of forest succession. However, red maple has modest physiological traits compared to its competitors, including low maximum photosynthetic rate, low photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiency, and low foliar nutrient content. Red maple's unremarkable physiology contradicts its competitive success. To untangle this paradox, we examine red maple's two distinct regeneration mechanisms: seedlings and vegetative sprouts. Red maple can regenerate from seed, but can also sprout clonally from a stump following forest disturbance. We compare the morphology, physiology, and plasticity of these two regeneration mechanisms over 24 years of forest succession using a chronosequence of regenerating forest stands. We found that sprout-origin maples grow on average 6.5x taller and 5.5x faster than seed-origin maples. Sprout-origin trees display greater leaf spectral reflectance in the near-infrared range and greater stomatal density than seed-origin trees, demonstrating vegetative sprouts' low water-use efficiency. Sprout-origin trees have more robust light-capture traits, including thicker palisade mesophyll than seed-origin trees. Sprouts also have a high plasticity between upper and lower leaves in many morphological and physiological traits, while seed-origin trees exhibited much less plasticity. The two distinct regeneration mechanisms of seed-origin and sprout-origin give rise to red maple trees with dramatically different leaf traits, allowing red maples to regenerate and thrive in a range of ecological conditions. Seed-origin maples are slow-growing, late successional, and shade-tolerant. Sprout-origin maples are fast-growing, early successional, and shade intolerant. This unique bimodal regeneration strategy may explain the red maple paradox and help predict forest composition and structure following disturbance.

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Thinning, fire, and oak regeneration across a heterogeneous landscape in the eastern U.S.: 7-year results

Iverson

Hutchinson

Prasad

et al. 2008

Forest Ecology and Management

124

111

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We document an increase in oak and hickory advance regeneration, depending on landscape position, in the sixth year following mechanical thinning and repeated prescribed fires in southern Ohio, USA. Oak-dominated communities provide a multitude of human and natural resource values throughout the eastern United States, but their long-term sustainability is threatened throughout the region by poor regeneration. This study was established to assess regeneration following midstory thinning (late 2000) and prescribed fire application (2001 and 2005) at two sites in southern Ohio. Each of the four 20+ ha treatment units (two thin and burn, two untreated controls) were modeled for long-term moisture regime using the integrated moisture index (IMI), and a 50 m grid of sampling points was established throughout the units. Vegetation and canopy openness were sampled at each gridpoint before and after treatments, in 2000, 2001, 2004, and 2006. The thin and burn treatment generally resulted in more advance regeneration (>50 cm height) of oak and hickory. The second fires in 2005 created additional landscape heterogeneity by causing variable tree mortality, and thus canopy openness, across the IMI gradient. The drier landscape positions generally had more intense fires, more canopy openness, and more oak and hickory advance regeneration; several other tree species also exhibited marked landscape variation in regeneration after treatments. Though advance regeneration of several competing species became abundant after the initial treatments, the second fires reduced the high densities of the two major competitors, Acer rubrum and Liriodendron tulipifera. Two simple models were developed: (1) a model of oak ''competitiveness'' based on the plot data related to advance regeneration of oaks and competitors and (2) a model estimating the probability of a plot becoming 'competitive for oak' based on canopy openness, IMI class, and number of oak and hickory seedlings present. For dry or intermediate sites with at least 5000 oak and hickory seedlings/ha, opening the canopy to 8.5-19% followed by at least two fires should promote oak and hickory to be 'competitive' over about 50% of the area. However, no appreciable oak and hickory regeneration developed on mesic sites. Overall, these results suggest promise for partial harvesting and repeated fires as a management strategy to reverse the accelerating loss of oak dominance in the central hardwoods region. Published by Elsevier B.V.

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Annual inventory report for Pennsylvania's forests: results from the first three years

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

The fireoak literature of eastern North America: synthesis and guidelines

The fireoak literature of eastern North America: synthesis and guidelines

The Root of the Red Maple Paradox: Two distinct regeneration mechanisms determine leaf morphology, physiology, and competitive success inAcer rubrum

Thinning, fire, and oak regeneration across a heterogeneous landscape in the eastern U.S.: 7-year results

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Annual inventory report for Pennsylvania's forests: results from the first three years

Cited by 10 publications

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The fire&#151;oak literature of eastern North America: synthesis and guidelines

The fire&#151;oak literature of eastern North America: synthesis and guidelines

The Root of the Red Maple Paradox: Two distinct regeneration mechanisms determine leaf morphology, physiology, and competitive success inAcer rubrum

Thinning, fire, and oak regeneration across a heterogeneous landscape in the eastern U.S.: 7-year results

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The fireoak literature of eastern North America: synthesis and guidelines

The fireoak literature of eastern North America: synthesis and guidelines