Annual Cycle in a Population of California Quail

Genelly, Richard E.

doi:10.2307/1364732

Cited by 39 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In the European starling (Lloyd, 1965 a) the defeathering process, which begins immediately before egg laying, is not completed until early incubation. In contrast, defeathering of the patch in the Galliformes studied (California quail: Genelly, 1955 ;Jones, 1969a; ring-necked pheasant, Phasianw colchicw: Breitenbach, Nagra & Meyer, 1965) begins during middle or late egg laying and is not complete until middle or late incubation. The amount of time taken to complete defeathering varies widely among different species (24 hours in the white-crowned sparrow: Bailey, 1952; 13-26 days in the domestic canary: Hinde, 1962; about 25 days in the California quail: Jones, 1969a).…”

Section: Chronology Of Incubation-patch Development In Female Birds"mentioning

confidence: 93%

“…0, Thickness of epidermis ; 0, number of blood vessels ; 0 , diameter of blood vessels. evolutionary reasons for these important differences between the two orders may be related to differences in clutch size (Genelly, 1955), passerines having a much smaller clutch (2-6 eggs) than Galliformes (4-20 eggs). Perhaps patch formation is delayed in species with large clutches because a patch formed before egg laying would result in incubation of the eggs as soon as they were laid, asynchronous hatching, and chick mortality.…”

Section: Chronology Of Incubation-patch Development In Female Birds"mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Incubation Patch of Birds

Jones¹

1971

Biological Reviews

129

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Summary 1. The incubation patch of birds forms in the areas of the ventrum devoid of contour feathers (apteria) by processes involving defeathering of down, dermal and subdermal hypervascularization, oedema, and hyperplasia of the epidermis and dermal connective tissue. Its formation facilitates the transfer of heat to the eggs and hatched young. 2. In general, the sex that incubates develops a patch; this may be the female, both sexes, or the male, and the species within any one order tend to exhibit a common pattern. In some orders (e.g. Pelecaniformes) no patch develops. 3. The incubation patch begins to form before egg laying in passerine birds and during egg laying in Galliformes. Most of the patch responses in passerines are completed earlier in the reproductive cycle (late egg laying to middle incubation) than in Galliformes (middle incubation to early brooding). 4. In the passerines studied, in which usually only the female develops a patch, oestrogen and prolactin synergize to cause patch development; oestrogen given alone is effective because it synergizes with endogenous prolactin in intact birds. The role of progesterone is unclear, but it seems to mimic the effects of prolactin and also plays a role in the increase in skin sensitivity characteristic of patch development in the canary. 5. In the one galliform studied (California quail), in which both sexes develop a patch, either oestrogen or androgen synergizes with prolactin; oestrogen alone is ineffective in non‐breeding quail because of insufficient endogenous prolactin levels. Prolactin alone causes epidermal hyperplasia and vascularization, and progesterone seems mainly to be involved in defeathering. In the starling also both sexes develop a patch, but testosterone plus prolactin is not effective as it is in the quail. 6. In the phalaropes, birds in which only the male develops a patch, androgen and prolactin are the effective synergists in patch development. Thus, there is a correlation between the sex which develops a patch in the wild and the steroid (oestrogen or androgen) which synergizes with prolactin. 7. In the brown‐headed cowbird, a parasitic species which neither develops a patch nor incubates, there are no responses to exogenous hormones. The absence of patch development in one sex or in both can be due either to an absence of appropriate hormone levels or to a lack of sensitivity of the skin to hormones. 8. More study is needed of the transfer of heat from the patch area to the eggs or young, including the relationships between patch structure, surface area, surface temperature, type of nest, and the number and size of eggs. 9. Patch formation is affected by and influences behaviour. 10. More research is needed in regard to (I) the natural development and endocrine control of the incubation patch in various orders of birds: (2) the effects of patch formation on behaviour, and vice versa; (3) the mode of action of the hormones in patch formation, that is, whether it is direct or indirect, e.g. through the release of another hormone;...

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Section: Chronology Of Incubation-patch Development In Female Birds"mentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Chronology Of Incubation-patch Development In Female Birds"mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Incubation Patch of Birds

Jones¹

1971

Biological Reviews

129

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“…Crowing males often perch in conspicuous locations and countercall to each other. To my knowledge, there have been no previous reports of female California Quail crowing under natural conditions, although Genelly (1955) observed an instance of crowing in female California Quail that were held under captive conditions. I observed a female California Quail crowing in the foothills of the Santa Rosa Mountains, California (33Њ 22Ј N, 116Њ 15Ј W), during the breeding season when many males were crowing (March 2000).…”

Section: Literature Citedmentioning

confidence: 77%

Natural Occurrence of Crowing in a Free-living Female Galliform, the California Quail

Gee¹

2006

The Wilson Journal of Ornithology

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“…Pairing between familiar individuals within the same covey may reduce search costs of finding a mate and allow trial pairs to form, which could give females greater access to resources (Gosling 1986;Choudhury and Black 1994;van der Jeugd and Blaakmeer 2001). Retention of mates between years could reinforce patterns of assortative pairing with respect to age but nonassortative pairing with respect to species (e.g., Grant and Grant 1989), and may also allow for early breeding (Emlen 1939;Genelly 1955;Leopold 1977;Brown et al 1998).…”

Section: Pairing Resource Acquisition and Early Breeding Advantagesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…foraging and mating, joining a covey affects both habitat and mate selection. Coveys tend to be relatively stable, although under some conditions, frequent movement between coveys is possible (Genelly 1955;Leopold 1977;Lepper 1978;Calkins et al 1999).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

HOW A HYBRID ZONE IS MAINTAINED: BEHAVIORAL MECHANISMS OF INTERBREEDING BETWEEN CALIFORNIA AND GAMBEL's QUAIL (CALLIPEPLA CALIFORNICA AND C. GAMBELII)

Gee

2003

Evolution

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Hybridizing California and Gambel's Quail (Callipepla californica and C. gambelii) are unlike many hybridizing avian species in that pairing primarily occurs within a flock, or covey, that is composed of several families. Coveys in the area of sympatry contain mostly hybrid individuals, relative to parental types. I tested whether individuals perceive covey mates as a single species and whether pairing within the covey causes inbreeding and a loss of reproductive success. Individuals discriminated between the parental species in captivity, but actual pairing in the wild was random with respect to species. Contrary to expectation, coveys were not more inbred than the local population. Results suggest that potential costs of inbreeding may be avoided through sex‐biased dispersal and nonrandom pairing. Furthermore, breeding occurred earlier and with greater success in pairs formed within the resident covey, rather than outside it. These findings suggest that fitness benefits gained from pairing early within a mixed‐species covey promote interspecific pairing. This study provides evidence that mating behaviors specific to local conditions maintain hybrid zones when genetic costs to interbreeding are small.

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Annual Cycle in a Population of California Quail

Cited by 39 publications

References 8 publications

The Incubation Patch of Birds

The Incubation Patch of Birds

Natural Occurrence of Crowing in a Free-living Female Galliform, the California Quail

HOW A HYBRID ZONE IS MAINTAINED: BEHAVIORAL MECHANISMS OF INTERBREEDING BETWEEN CALIFORNIA AND GAMBEL's QUAIL (CALLIPEPLA CALIFORNICA AND C. GAMBELII)

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