Annealing‐Free, High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells by Controlling Crystallization via Guanidinium Cation Doping

Dong, Hang; Pang, Shangzheng; He, Fengqin; Yang, Haifeng; Chen, Dazheng; Xi, He; Zhang, Jincheng; Hao, Yue; Zhang, Chunfu

doi:10.1002/solr.202100097

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Many reports use ZnO, TiO 2 , or SnO 2 ETLs which require high temperature sintering steps. UV‐ozone treatments can be used to replace the annealing of SnO 2, [ 20 ] but such treatments can take upwards of 30 min, thus eliminating any benefit to manufacturing throughput. Notably, Jiang et al.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…treatments is an effective way to rapidly remove highly coordinating solvents, such as dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, n-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, and dimethylacetamide (DMF, DMSO, NMP, and DMAc, respectively), and crystallize the perovskite at room temperature. [15][16][17][18][19][20] Although efficiencies of up to 20.1% have been achieved [21] using such processes, antisolvent treatments are difficult to use at scale due to the large volume of mostly toxic washing solvents that become increasingly contaminated. Ultrasonic vibration-based posttreatments have also been used in conjunction with high-boiling point (low vapor pressure) solvents.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Binary Solvent System Used to Fabricate Fully Annealing‐Free Perovskite Solar Cells

Cassella

Spooner

Smith

et al. 2023

Advanced Energy Materials

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Organic-inorganic metal halide perovskites are rapidly approaching state-of-the-art silicon solar cells, with bestperforming devices now reaching power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of 25.7%. [1] Although stability remains a challenge for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), their solution-processability represents a major advantage. Techniques such as blade coating, [2] slot-die coating, [3] and spray coating [4] are compatible with roll-to-roll (R2R) processing, which-in principleshould allow much higher throughput speeds than existing silicon solar technologies. However, the lengthy annealing times used to crystallize the perovskite active layer reduce the maximum theoretical web speeds that could be achieved in a practical manufacture process.In 2020, Rolston et al. demonstrated the highest coating speeds of any scalable PSC processing technologies, achieving production speeds of >12 m min −1 . [5] Spray coating was combined with an atmospheric plasma postprocessing route, [6] creating PSC devices and modules with a PCE of 18% and 15.5%, respectively. Critically, these were fabricated without annealing the perovskite layer. At these speeds, the module cost is expected to be fully competitive with Si. [7] In contrast, the calculated throughput rate for spin-coated PSCs incorporating a 10-min anneal is just 0.017 m min −1 ; a rate prohibitive for commercialization. Furthermore, high temperature processing steps increase device manufacturing costs through increased utility costs and reduced throughput. [8] High process temperatures are also incompatible with many sensitive flexible (polymeric) substrates that are expected to be important in "Internet of Things" applications. [9,10] This growing market is expected to reduce the initial investment and barrier to market entry for perovskites by an order of magnitude. [11] Many approaches to create "annealing-free" PSCs have been demonstrated. For example, thermal evaporation of the perovskite layer without any post-annealing treatments can be used to realize devices having reasonable PCEs of up to 15.7%. [12,13] Zhou et al. demonstrated devices with a PCE of 15.7% for MAPbI 3 (where MA is methylammonium) films grown via electrochemical fabrication. [14] The use of antisolvent High temperature post-deposition annealing of hybrid lead halide perovskite thin films-typically lasting at least 10 min-dramatically limits the maximum roll-to-roll coating speed, which determines solar module manufacturing costs. While several approaches for "annealing-free" perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been demonstrated, many are of limited feasibility for scalable fabrication. Here, this work has solvent-engineered a high vapor pressure solvent mixture of 2-methoxy ethanol and tetrahydrofuran to deposit highly crystalline perovskite thin-films at room temperature using gas-quenching to remove the volatile solvents. Using this approach, this work demonstrates p-i-n devices with an annealing-free MAPbI 3 perovskite layer achieving stabilized power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of up to 1...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Binary Solvent System Used to Fabricate Fully Annealing‐Free Perovskite Solar Cells

Cassella

Spooner

Smith

et al. 2023

Advanced Energy Materials

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Section: No Annealingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The addition of specific reagents to the precursor solution enables the film to be directly transformed from liquid to solid during the spin-coating process, avoiding additional annealing treatments [127,[170][171][172]. Chen et al proposed a method for the preparation of annealing-free perovskite films by introducing guanidine iodide (GAI) [171]. The organic molecule guanidine (GA (+)) had a large ionic radius, which could control the crystallization rate of annealing-free films, and the films were characterized by low defect density and a large grain size.…”

Section: No Annealingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annealing Engineering in the Growth of Perovskite Grains

Wang

Liu

et al. 2022

Crystals

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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are a promising and fast-growing type of photovoltaic cell due to their low cost and high conversion efficiency. The high efficiency of PSCs is closely related to the quality of the photosensitive layer, and the high-quality light absorbing layer depends on the growth condition of the crystals. In the formation of high-quality crystals, annealing is an indispensable and crucial part, which serves to evaporate the solvent and drive the crystallization of the film. Various annealing methods have different effects on the promotion of the film growth process owing to the way they work. Here, this review will present a discussion of the growth puzzles and quality of perovskite crystals under different driving forces, and then explain the relationship between the annealing driving force and crystal growth. We divided the main current annealing methods into physical and chemical annealing, which has never been summarized before. The main annealing methods currently reported for crystal growth are summarized to visualize the impact of annealing design strategies on photovoltaic performance, while the growth mechanisms of thin films under multiple annealing methods are also discussed. Finally, we suggest future perspectives and trends in the industrial fabrication of PSCs in the future. The review promises industrial manufacturing of annealed PSCs. The review is expected to facilitate the industrial fabrication of PSCs.

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“…[47][48][49][50] The partial substitution of A-site cations by guanidinium has been used satisfactorily to obtain more stable and efficient devices. [51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58] Consequently, the GA x MA 1−x PbI 3 system is an excellent model for studying the aging of halide perovskites. Therefore, in the present work, we report the time evolution of the structural, microstructural, and electrical properties of polycrystalline GA x MA 1−x PbI 3 samples during an aging process monitored over six months (above 4000 hours) in the dark, at room temperature, and under low relative humidity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%