Annealing Engineering in the Growth of Perovskite Grains

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are a promising and fast-growing type of photovoltaic cell due to their low cost and high conversion efficiency. The high efficiency of PSCs is closely related to the quality of the photosensitive layer, and the high-quality light absorbing layer depends on the growth condition of the crystals. In the formation of high-quality crystals, annealing is an indispensable and crucial part, which serves to evaporate the solvent and drive the crystallization of the film. Various annealing methods have different effects on the promotion of the film growth process owing to the way they work. Here, this review will present a discussion of the growth puzzles and quality of perovskite crystals under different driving forces, and then explain the relationship between the annealing driving force and crystal growth. We divided the main current annealing methods into physical and chemical annealing, which has never been summarized before. The main annealing methods currently reported for crystal growth are summarized to visualize the impact of annealing design strategies on photovoltaic performance, while the growth mechanisms of thin films under multiple annealing methods are also discussed. Finally, we suggest future perspectives and trends in the industrial fabrication of PSCs in the future. The review promises industrial manufacturing of annealed PSCs. The review is expected to facilitate the industrial fabrication of PSCs.

Investigating the Fabrication of Perovskite Solar Cells by Ultrasonic Spray Coating: A Design of Experiments Approach

“…The optimization of annealing temperature and time can greatly improve solar cell efficiency and stability . The process of optimization of annealing time and temperature is extensively described in the literature for a multitude of perovskite compositions; , , therefore, we use a constant annealing procedure, subjecting the quenched samples to a hot plate at 100 °C for 30 min.…”

Machine Learning for Perovskite Solar Cells and Component Materials: Key Technologies and Prospects

“…[2][3][4] The birth of every new material is inseparable from extensive trial-error experiments. Although the traditional methods (drop-coating method, [41] atomic layer deposition method, [42] screen printing method, [43] choice of solvent and antisolvent, [44] selection of annealing temperature and time, [45] etc. ), material compatibility (energy level alignment and chemical compatibility of the transport layer versus the perovskite layer, [46][47][48] back interface contact, [49] etc.…”

Formamidinium Lead Iodide Perovskite Thin Films Formed by Two-Step Sequential Method: Solvent–Morphology Relationship

“…Although the one-step method is very simple for thin film preparation, there is a problem with uneven surface coverage affecting the uniformity of the resulting film due to the uncontrollable rate of film crystallization. Various solvent and annealing engineering strategies have been developed to improve thin film quality and large grain formation [ 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 ]. The two-step sequential deposition of perovskite is an alternative route to one-step deposition, providing an efficient low-cost route to high performance perovskite films for optoelectronic applications.…”