“…For a curved fiber-reinforced laminated shell, a local curvilinear coordinate system needs to be established to define the fiber orientation and express the local strains. 25,45,46 Figure 1 shows the relationship between the global Cartesian coordinate system and local curvilinear coordinate systems. In the curvilinear system, e 1 , e 2 , e 3 are various at different Gaussian points and they are orthogonal to each other as they are defined as follows, where notations X ,𝜉 and X ,𝜂 respectively denote the derivatives of X with respect to 𝜉 and 𝜂.…”