Anisometropia in Children from Infancy to 15 Years

Deng, Li; Gwiazda, Jane

doi:10.1167/iovs.11-8727

Cited by 76 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(76 reference statements)

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“…In the mild/no ROP group, the prevalence of anisometropia was higher than that in the term-born emmetropic children (2.8%~3.4% 33,34 ). Compared to the mild/no ROP group, the severe ROP group had higher baseline anisometropia and the magnitude of anisometropia progressed more rapidly (by a factor of 2) with age.…”

Section: Anisometropiamentioning

confidence: 73%

Development of Refractive Error in Individual Children With Regressed Retinopathy of Prematurity

Wang

Ren

Shen

et al. 2013

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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Section: Anisometropiamentioning

confidence: 73%

Development of Refractive Error in Individual Children With Regressed Retinopathy of Prematurity

Wang

Ren

Shen

et al. 2013

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…If emmetropisation is considered to be the process whereby human refractive errors are minimised, then this process would appear to be largely complete in most populations by this age in terms of spherical refractive error, astigmatism, and anisometropia. 23,25 Refractive development after 6 years of age After the age of 6, refraction starts to display divergent patterns of refractive development. In some populations, such as Australia 26 and the South Pacific island of Vanuatu, 27 emmetropisation appears to continue and the population becomes even more leptokurtotic with a low incidence of myopia and hyperopia.…”

Section: Development Of Refraction Up To Agementioning

confidence: 99%

“…46 As the variation in refraction increases up to age 12-15, so too does the amount of anisometropia (5.77%). 25 Anisometropia is also associated with the magnitude of refractive error, increasing in frequency with increasing myopia, hyperopia, and astigmatism. 25,47 Loss of wellregulated patterns of growth from age 5-6 years therefore manifests as increased variability between subjects and between the two eyes of a single subject.…”

Section: Development Of Refraction Up To Agementioning

confidence: 99%

Emmetropisation and the aetiology of refractive errors

Flitcroft

2014

Eye

133

124

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The distribution of human refractive errors displays features that are not commonly seen in other biological variables. Compared with the more typical Gaussian distribution, adult refraction within a population typically has a negative skew and increased kurtosis (ie is leptokurtotic). This distribution arises from two apparently conflicting tendencies, first, the existence of a mechanism to control eye growth during infancy so as to bring refraction towards emmetropia/low hyperopia (ie emmetropisation) and second, the tendency of many human populations to develop myopia during later childhood and into adulthood. The distribution of refraction therefore changes significantly with age. Analysis of the processes involved in shaping refractive development allows for the creation of a life course model of refractive development. Monte Carlo simulations based on such a model can recreate the variation of refractive distributions seen from birth to adulthood and the impact of increasing myopia prevalence on refractive error distributions in Asia.

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“…Results are shown from studies that quoted prevalence figures using different criteria in a single sample. (Cheng et al, 2003; Chia, 2010; Deng and Gwiazda, 2012; Giordano et al, 2009; Gupta et al, 2008; Guzowski et al, 2003; Huynh et al, 2006; Ohlsson et al, 2003; Qin et al, 2005; Quek et al, 2004; Saw et al, 2002; Tarczy-Hornoch et al, 2011; Tong et al, 2004). …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between anisometropia and amblyopia

Barrett

Bradley

Candy

2013

Progress in Retinal and Eye Research

133

121

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This review aims to disentangle cause and effect in the relationship between anisometropia and amblyopia. Specifically, we examine the literature for evidence to support different possible developmental sequences that could ultimately lead to the presentation of both conditions. The prevalence of anisometropia is around 20% for an inter-ocular difference of 0.5D or greater in spherical equivalent refraction, falling to 2-3%, for an inter-ocular difference of 3D or above. Anisometropia prevalence is relatively high in the weeks following birth, in the teenage years coinciding with the onset of myopia and, most notably, in older adults starting after the onset of presbyopia. It has about one-third the prevalence of bilateral refractive errors of the same magnitude. Importantly, the prevalence of anisometropia is higher in highly ametropic groups, suggesting that emmetropization failures underlying ametropia and anisometropia may be similar. Amblyopia is present in 1-3% of humans and around one-half to two-thirds of amblyopes have anisometropia either alone or in combination with strabismus. The frequent co-existence of amblyopia and anisometropia at a child’s first clinical examination promotes the belief that the anisometropia has caused the amblyopia, as has been demonstrated in animal models of the condition. In reviewing the human and monkey literature however it is clear that there are additional paths beyond this classic hypothesis to the co-occurrence of anisometropia and amblyopia. For example, after amblyopia secondary to either deprivation or strabismus has emerged, anisometropia often follows. In cases of anisometropia with no apparent deprivation or strabismus, questions remain about the failure of the emmetropization mechanism that routinely eliminates infantile anisometropia. Also, the chronology of amblyopia development is poorly documented in cases of ‘pure’ anisometropic amblyopia. Although indirect, the therapeutic impact of refractive correction on anisometropic amblyopia provides strong support for the hypothesis that the anisometropia caused the amblyopia. Direct evidence for the aetiology of anisometropic amblyopia will require longitudinal tracking of at-risk infants, which poses numerous methodological challenges. However, if we are to prevent this condition, we must understand the factors that cause it to develop.

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Anisometropia in Children from Infancy to 15 Years

Cited by 76 publications

References 38 publications

Development of Refractive Error in Individual Children With Regressed Retinopathy of Prematurity

Development of Refractive Error in Individual Children With Regressed Retinopathy of Prematurity

Emmetropisation and the aetiology of refractive errors

The relationship between anisometropia and amblyopia

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