Animal models of anxiety based on classical conditioning: The conditioned emotional response (CER) and the fear-potentiated startle effect

Davis, Michael

doi:10.1016/0163-7258(90)90084-f

Cited by 174 publications

(96 citation statements)

References 136 publications

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“…Tests in which anxiety is induced chemically, such as the drug discrimination test (Lal and Emmett-Oglesby 1983); 2. Tests based on conditioned fear / aversion, as the conditionedemotional-response test (Davis 1990), the Geller-Seifter test, or the bird-punished-drinking test (Geller 1960) and last but not least 3. unconditioned tests, inducing anxiety by a new aversive environment, leading to behavioural inhibition. The unconditioned tests of anxiety include the X-maze (Handley and Mithani 1984), the black and white box test (Crawley and Goodwin 1980), the modified open field test , the social interaction test (Cappell and Latane 1969;File and Pope 1974) and the free exploratory paradigm (Griebel et al 1993).…”

Section: Historical Developmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurotransmitter and Behaviour: Serotonin and Anxiety

Rex¹,

Fink²

2011

Psychiatric Disorders - Trends and Developments

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Section: Historical Developmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurotransmitter and Behaviour: Serotonin and Anxiety

Rex¹,

Fink²

2011

Psychiatric Disorders - Trends and Developments

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“…Rate of nose poking in each session was recorded. Next, a cued fear conditioning procedure was superimposed on the instrumental responding (CER procedure) (Davis, 1990). In eight CER acquisition sessions, 0.2 mA shocks were presented with a random 3 min interval.…”

Section: Fear Conditioning: Cer Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specific tasks were used to examine the possible involvement of this receptor in these conceptually diverse neurobehavioral phenomena. Different anxiety tests were included, and, in relation to the hypothetical association between these functions, we investigated the possible concomitance of defects in spatial working memory (as a rodent model for higher-level cognitive processes) and acquisition/extinction in the Morris water maze task as well as in a conditioned emotional response (CER) procedure, a controlled and well characterized method to investigate fear conditioning (Davis, 1990).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concomitant Deficits in Working Memory and Fear Extinction Are Functionally Dissociated from Reduced Anxiety in Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 7-Deficient Mice

Callaerts-Végh

Beckers

Ball

et al. 2006

Journal of Neuroscience

149

124

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Metabotropic glutamate receptor 7 (mGluR7), a receptor with a distinct brain distribution and a putative role in anxiety, emotional responding, and spatial working memory, could be an interesting therapeutic target for fear and anxiety disorders. mGluR7-deficient (mGluR7 Ϫ/Ϫ ) mice showed essentially normal performance in tests for neuromotor and exploratory activity and passive avoidance learning but prominent anxiolytic behavior in two anxiety tests. They showed a delayed learning curve during the acquisition of the hidden-platform water maze, and three interspersed probe trials indicated that mGluR7 Ϫ/Ϫ mice were slower to acquire spatial information. Working memory in the water maze task and the radial arm maze was impaired in mGluR7 Ϫ/Ϫ mice compared with mGluR7 ϩ/ϩ . mGluR7 Ϫ/Ϫ mice also displayed a higher resistance to extinction of fear-elicited response suppression in a conditioned emotional response protocol. In a non-fear-based water maze protocol, mGluR7 Ϫ/Ϫ mice displayed similar delayed extinction. These observed behavioral changes are probably not attributable to changes in AMPA or NMDA receptor function because expression levels of AMPA and NMDA receptors were unaltered. Extinction of conditioned fear is an active and context-dependent form of inhibitory learning and an experimental model for therapeutic fear reduction. It appears to depend on glutamatergic and higher-level brain functions similar to those involved in spatial working memory but functionally dissociated from those that mediate constitutional responses in anxiety tests.

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“…Benzodiazepines (BZs) act by enhancing GABAergic transmission (Feldman et al, 1997) and BZ receptors are abundant in the limbic system, including the amygdala (Niehoff and Kuhar, 1983;Zezula et al, 1988;, which may be a key site of action for their efficacy in treating anxiety (Yadin et al, 1991;Sanders and Shekhar, 1995). Local BZ microinjections into the amygdala decrease "anxiety" (they increase punished responses) in conflict paradigms (Shibata et al, 1989;Davis, 1990), whereas antagonizing GABA increases anxiety behaviors (Sanders and Shekhar, 1995 ). Prior administration of a BZ agonist attenuates the anxiogenic effects of ICV administered CRH (De Boer et al, 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mouse strain differences in the effects of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) on sleep and wakefulness

et al. 2008

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Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) plays a major role in central nervous system responses to stressors and has been implicated in stress-induced alterations in sleep. In the absence of stressors, CRH contributes to the regulation of spontaneous waking. We examined the effects of CRH and astressin (AST), a non-specific CRH antagonist, on wakefulness and sleep in two mouse strains with differential responsiveness to stress to determine whether CRH might also differentially affect undisturbed sleep and activity. Less reactive C57BL/6J (n=7) and high reactive BALB/cJ (n=7) male mice were implanted with a transmitter for determining sleep via telemetry and with a guide cannula aimed into a lateral ventricle. After recovery from surgery and habituation to handling, ICV microinjections of CRH (0.04, 0.2, and 0.4 μg), AST (0.1, 0.4, and 1.0 μg) or vehicle alone (pyrogenfree saline, 0.2 μl) were administered during the fourth h after lights on and sleep was recorded for the subsequent 8 h. Comparisons of wakefulness and sleep were conducted across conditions and across strains. In C57BL/6J mice, REM was significantly decreased after microinjections of CRH (0.2 μg) and CRH (0.4 μg), and NREM and total sleep were decreased after microinjections of CRH (0.4 μg ). CRH (0.4 μg) and AST did not significantly change wakefulness or sleep. In BALB/cJ mice, CRH (0.4 μg) increased wakefulness and decreased NREM, REM and total sleep. AST decreased active wakefulness and significantly increased REM at the low and high dosages. These findings demonstrate that CRH produces changes in arousal when given to otherwise undisturbed mice. Strain differences in the effects of CRH and AST may be linked to the relative responsiveness of C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ mice to stressors and to underlying differences in the CRH system.

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Animal models of anxiety based on classical conditioning: The conditioned emotional response (CER) and the fear-potentiated startle effect

Cited by 174 publications

References 136 publications

Neurotransmitter and Behaviour: Serotonin and Anxiety

Neurotransmitter and Behaviour: Serotonin and Anxiety

Concomitant Deficits in Working Memory and Fear Extinction Are Functionally Dissociated from Reduced Anxiety in Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 7-Deficient Mice

Mouse strain differences in the effects of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) on sleep and wakefulness

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