Animal Models for Parkinson's Disease

Abstract

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease with major impacts on patients' lives and on society as a whole. It is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the world, second only to Alzheimer's disease. Low levels of production of dopamine (DA) are associated with PD. This is caused by a progressive loss of neurons in the midbrain's substantia nigra, resulting in changes in neural conduction within the nigrostriatum. Research into PD has been going on since 1960, still there is no cure although the symptoms can be effectively controlled and the severity of the affliction can be reduced. The main obstacle in the development of neuroprotective therapy is a limited understanding of the key molecular events that provoke neurodegeneration. A misfolding of proteins and dysfunction of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway are the critical factors in the pathogenesis of PD. Neurotoxic models (particularly 1- methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) have been very useful in elucidating the molecular cascade of cell death in dopaminergic neurons. They are also of use in efforts to limit the progression of the disease and to prevent the long-term functional and pathological outcome in PD. The establishment of animal and cellular models of mutations in LRRK2 and α-synuclein, and mutations in parkin, DJ-1 and PINK1, has been of use in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of this disorder, and research using these models is providing new ideas about the pathogenesis of PD. Several researchers are synthesizing and screening novel derivatives for their antiparkinsonian potential using different animal models. In this work we describe different animal models used in assessing the antiparkinson activity of novel therapeutic treatments.

Synthesis of 2-Substituted Benzimidazoles and 1,5- Disubstituted Benzodiazepines Using Alum

“…[1][2] Thus over the years a lot of research has been focused on the development of greener processes. 3 Benzimidazole derivatives exhibit various biological and pharmaceutical properties [4][5][6][7] . Recently it has been found that benzimidazole derivatives are useful as fluorescent chemo sensors for Cu 2+ .…”

Antimicrobial Screening of Synthesized some Novel Azomethines via Organic Base

“…It is well known that several 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazoles [2,3] are potent inhibitors of RNA viruses and this effect encouraged intensive efforts to prepare and evaluate other derivatives. 2-Mercaptobenzimidazole is derivative of benzimidazole exhibited a wide variety of interesting biological activities such as antimicrobial [4], anticonvulsant [5], antidiabetic [5], antiulcer agent [6], Antibacterial [7] and antifungal [7], etc. Aceto group containing benzimidazole which reacts with different amine produced azomethine moiety [8].…”

Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some New Imidazolinone Derivatives Containing Benzimidazole

“…Over the years of active research, benzimidazole is reported to shown wide range of therapeutic activities [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Albendazole, mebendazole, thiabendazole as antihelmintics; omeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole as proton pump inhibitors; astemizole as antihistaminic; enviradine as antiviral; candesarten cilexitil and telmisartan as antihypertensive which contains benzimidazole as active pharmacophore.…”