Animal husbandry and grazing, a conservation and management problem in Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) National Park, Nepal

Tourism and deforestation in the Mt Everest region of Nepal

“…Community forest management efforts were further compromised in that decade when Sherpas began to hire large numbers of non‐Sherpa migrant workers to gather firewood and fell trees for timber, many of whom ignored local forest regulations (Stevens 1993a forthcoming). Additionally forests came under more pressure when the profitability of using yak–cattle crossbreeds ( zopkios ) as packstock led to new regional pastoral practices that were suspected of over‐grazing some southern Khumbu forests to the detriment of forest ecology and regeneration (Sherpa N W 1979; Bjonness 1980a; Garratt 1981; Byers 1987a; Hardie et al. 1987).…”

“…Household firewood use varies considerably among settlements due to regional variations in tree species, firewood availability and other factors; estimates by researchers and local governments put the average at about half a load (13.5 kg) per household per day, or 5 t per household per year in Khumbu. In Pharak the rates of use are similar, except where burning poorer quality wood such as pine requires slightly greater amounts to be used (Sherpa N W 1979; Bjonness 1980a; Hardie et al. 1987; Stevens 1993a; Sagarmatha Pollution Control Committee 1998).…”

“…Diverse, regionally varying linkages have been suggested between tourism and changing Sherpa agriculture, pastoralism, and forest use; community management of forests and grazing; the localized build up of rubbish and pollution from human waste; forest degradation; and damage to alpine vegetation (Lucas et al. 1974; Furer‐Haimendorf 1975 1984; Sherpa N W 1979; Bjonness 1980a 1980b 1983; Garratt 1981; Hillary 1982; Jeffries 1982; Stevens 1983 1993a 1993b; Hinrichsen et al. 1983; Pawson et al.…”

Crisis and conservation in Sagarmatha national park, Nepal

“…New Zealand provided either people or sponsorship for an early park reconnaissance (Lucas et al, 1974), studies of forest (Naylor, 1970), fuel use (N. W. , and grazing (Bjonness, 1979(Bjonness, , 1980a, the planning and initiation of the park, and the training of several of its Nepali administrators. Foresters were prominent among the New Zealanders involved, and forestry considerations dominate the rationale underlying most park planning.…”

Utviklingsgeografi – et utvalg av emner og angrepsmåter

“…Fjell-landet Nepal er f.eks. sterkt utsatt og store arealer tas ut av produksjon hvert ar (Bj0nnes 1980). I Kina har imidlertid utviklingen vaert en helt annen.…”