Animal Experiments with Biogalvanic and Biofuel Cells

Weidlich, E.; Richter, G.; Sturm, Ferdinand von; Rao, J. R.

doi:10.3109/10731197609118655

Cited by 34 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Mediation by the hexacyano-complexes of iron, 131,132 cobalt, and ruthenium has been extensively studied. [133][134][135] Of these, the Fe(CN) 6 3-/4-couple is used in home blood-glucose monitoring strips.…”

Section: Inorganic Mediatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After 40 years of research, there is not a single biofuel cell in use. Originally, the biofuel cells were intended to power cardiac assist devices ("artificial hearts"), 2,3 then cardiac pacemakers, [4][5][6] then to supply electrical power to homes or electrical grids by electrooxidizing glucose in, or derived of, wastes. [7][8][9] The earliest studies already identified insurmountable power density and stability associated limitations, but these were not recognized by all investigators.…”

Section: Exclusion Of Studies On Glucose Electrooxidizing Anodes Of Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electrochemical Glucose Sensors and Their Applications in Diabetes Management

2008

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About 6,000 peer reviewed articles have been published on electrochemical glucose assays and sensors, of which 700 were published in the 2005-2006 two-year period. Their number makes a full review of the literature, or even of the most recent advances, impossible. Nevertheless, this review should acquaint the reader with the fundamentals of the electrochemistry of glucose and provide a perspective of the evolution of the electrochemical glucose assays and monitors helping diabetic people, who constitute about 5% of the world's population. Because of the large number of diabetic people, no assay is performed more frequently than that of glucose. Most of these assays are electrochemical. The reader interested also in nonelectrochemical assays used in, or proposed for, the management of diabetes is referred to a 2007 review of Kondepati and Heise. 1 Adam Heller was born in 1933. Surviving the Holocaust, he arrived in Israel in 1945. He received his M.Sc. in Chemistry and Physics in 1957, then his PhD in Organic Chemistry in 1961 from Ernst David Bergman at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. He postdoced at UC Berkeley (1962-3) and at Bell Laboratories . At GTE Labs (1964-1975 he built the first Nd 3+ liquid laser and, with J. J. Auborn, the still worldwide used Li/SOCl 2 battery. At Bell Labs (1975)(1976)(1977)(1978)(1979)(1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988) he designed the first >10% efficient electrochemical solar cells and the first >10% efficient hydrogengenerating solar-powered photoelectrode. He also headed Bell Labs' Electronic Materials Research Department (1977)(1978)(1979)(1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988), which developed part of the high density chip interconnection technology underlying the miniaturization of portable electronic devices. He was appointed to the Ernest Cockrell Sr. Chair in Engineering of the University of Texas at Austin in 1988, and in 2001 became one of UT's first Research Professors. At UT he pioneered the electrical wiring of enzymes. In 1996 he cofounded with his son Ephraim Heller TheraSense Inc., now part of Abbott Diabetes Care, to improve the lives of diabetic people. The company introduced in 2000 the blood sugar monitor FreeStyle, a thin-layer microcoulometer utilizing only 300 nL of blood, so little that it was, for the first time, painlessly obtained. In 2007 it provided for more than 1 billion painless glucose assays. After alleviating the pain of diabetes monitoring, FreeStyle Navigator, based on the electrical wiring of glucose oxidase, introduced in 2007 in Europe and Israel and in 2008 in the U.S., removed the worry of diabetic people by continuously monitoring their glucose levels. Heller aims his work at alleviating suffering through bioelectrochemistry.

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Section: Inorganic Mediatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Exclusion Of Studies On Glucose Electrooxidizing Anodes Of Cmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Glucose Sensors and Their Applications in Diabetes Management

2008

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“…Research in the field of implantable direct glucose fuel cells dates back to the early seventies [3,4]. These early efforts were motivated by the short life-time of the zinc/mercury oxide batteries at that time.…”

Section: A Historical Interludementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to circumvent this chemical short-circuit, we chose a special electrode arrangement, originally proposed by Weidlich et al [4] (Fig. 2).…”

Section: One-compartment Design and Self-organizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to their self regenerating capability, microbial fuel cells [2] have shown superior longevity, but they have not been considered implantable because of the infective or immunogenic nature of most known microorganisms. The only known biofuel cell concept which does not interfere with the strict demands of long-term medical implants is the direct glucose fuel cell [3,4]. Its key advantages are longevity, amenability to sterilization, and biocompatibility.…”

Section: Types Of Biofuel Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A One-Compartment, Direct Glucose Fuel Cell for Powering Long-Term Medical Implants

Stetten

Kerzenmacher

Lorenz

et al.

19th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems

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We present the operational concept, microfabrication, and electrical performance of an enzyme-less direct glucose fuel cell for harvesting the chemical energy of glucose from body fluids. The spatial concentrations of glucose and oxygen at the electrodes of the one-compartment setup are established by self-organization, governed by the balance of electrochemical depletion and membrane diffusion. Compared to less stable enzymatic and immunogenic microbial fuel cells, this robust approach excels with an extended life time, the amenability to sterilization and biocompatibility, showing up a clear route towards an autonomous power supply for longterm medical implants without the need of surgical replacement and external refueling. Operating in physiological phosphate buffer solution containing 0.1 wt% glucose and having a geometrical cathode area of 10 cm², our prototype already delivers 20 µW peak power over a period of 7 days.

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