“…However, because the velocity perpendicular to the measurement plane cannot be obtained directly, a pseudo-isotropic assumption is often utilized to calculate the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). 16 Escudie and Line measured the three velocity components, their corresponding gradients, and TKE based on two-dimensional PIV experiments carried out in multiple radial, tangential, and horizontal measurement planes. 13 Another method to calculate TKE accurately is based on stereoscopic PIV (SPIV) measurements, but such experiments are complex, time-consuming, and expensive.…”