Anger as Seeing Red

Fetterman, Adam K.; Robinson, Michael D.; Gordon, Robert D.; Elliot, Andrew J.

doi:10.1177/1948550610390051

Cited by 56 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 37 publications

(53 reference statements)

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“…Red is typically associated with high arousal states [51,52], anger [53] and danger [54]; red has also been associated with Tae Kwando match outcome [55]. Conversely, blue and green are perceived as calming [22], only slightly arousing [52], and in congruence with our findings have been shown to be perceived as more pleasant than red [52].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

The Development of a Menthol Solution for Use during Sport and Exercise

Best

Spears²,

Hurst

et al. 2018

Beverages

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Menthol mouth-swilling has been shown to improve performance across differing exercise modalities, yet no work has been conducted to ascertain the preferred concentration of menthol within a swill. Colour has also been shown to influence psychophysiological outcomes, and may influence the efficacy of ergogenic aids. We conducted two experiments: one to ascertain preferred menthol concentration (0.005-0.105% menthol), the second to assess colour preference (Light Blue, Dark Blue, Light Green, Dark Green, Red). Participants rated swills for Smell, Taste, Freshness, Mouth Feel and Irritation (plus Appearance in the second trial) via 15 cm Visual Analogue Scales (VAS), having swilled and expectorated 25 mL of fluid. Both trials employed a crossover design, with tasting order assigned by Latin squares. Differences were assessed for statistical significance (p < 0.05) using one-way repeated measures ANOVAs. Standardised mean differences ±90% confidence intervals were calculated to assess the magnitude of any observed differences. No significant differences were found between concentrations for total VAS score, but higher concentrations demonstrated a greater number of small effects. Similarly, no significant differences between colours were found. Small effects were found when Light Green was compared to Dark Green and Red. Effects were trivial when Light Green was compared to Light Blue (0.05 ± 0.20) and Dark Blue (0.19 ± 0.32). We recommend athletes employ a Light Green or Light Blue 0.1% menthol mouth-swill.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

The Development of a Menthol Solution for Use during Sport and Exercise

Best

Spears²,

Hurst

et al. 2018

Beverages

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“…For example, preferences for white versus black should possess relevance in understanding individual differences in positively valenced thoughts (Meier, Robinson, & Clore, 2004), morality (Sherman & Clore, 2009), and perhaps interpersonal functioning (Frank & Gilovich, 1988). Similarly, we would expect preferences for the color red over blue to predict anger and aggression (Fetterman, Robinson, Gordon, & Elliot, 2011). Indeed, we regard a metaphoric approach to personality as an especially generative one in answering important questions concerning how and why people differ from each other (Robinson & Fetterman, in press), particularly given the extensive corpus of linguistic metaphors collected and analyzed by metaphor scholars (Gibbs, 1994; Lakoff & Johnson, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do you use your head or follow your heart? Self-location predicts personality, emotion, decision making, and performance.

Fetterman

Robinson

2013

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

Self Cite

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The head is thought to be rational and cold, whereas the heart is thought to be emotional and warm. Eight studies (total N = 725) pursued the idea that such body metaphors are widely consequential. Study 1 introduced a novel individual difference variable, one asking people to locate the self in the head or the heart. Irrespective of sex differences, head-locators characterized themselves as rational, logical, and interpersonally cold, whereas heart-locators characterized themselves as emotional, feminine, and interpersonally warm (Studies 1–3). Study 4 found that head-locators were more accurate in answering general knowledge questions and had higher GPAs and Study 5 found that heart-locators were more likely to favor emotional over rational considerations in moral decision-making. Study 6 linked self-locations to reactivity phenomena in daily life –e.g., heart-locators experienced greater negative emotion on high stressor days. Study 7 manipulated attention to the head versus the heart and found that head-pointing facilitated intellectual performance, whereas heart-pointing led to emotional decision-making. Study 8 replicated Study 3’s findings with a nearly year-long delay between the self-location and outcome measures. The findings converge on the importance of head-heart metaphors for understanding individual differences in cognition, emotion, and performance.

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“…This indicates that colour influences the categorical judgement of emotional expression and, specifically, that red hue is associated with a bias towards angry judgements. Fetterman et al [20] showed that priming anger concepts (versus sadness) led participants to be more likely to perceive the colour red. Taken together, these findings suggest a clear association between the colour red and perceptions of anger, possibly related to the role of facial reddening as a natural signal of anger [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Red clothing increases perceived dominance, aggression and anger

et al. 2015

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The presence and intensity of red coloration correlate with male dominance and testosterone in a variety of animal species, and even artificial red stimuli can influence dominance interactions. In humans, red stimuli are perceived as more threatening and dominant than other colours, and wearing red increases the probability of winning sporting contests. We investigated whether red clothing biases the perception of aggression and dominance outside of competitive settings, and whether red influences decoding of emotional expressions. Participants rated digitally manipulated images of men for aggression and dominance and categorized the emotional state of these stimuli. Men were rated as more aggressive and more dominant when presented in red than when presented in either blue or grey. The effect on perceived aggression was found for male and female raters, but only male raters were sensitive to red as a signal of dominance. In a categorization test, images were significantly more often categorized as 'angry' when presented in the red condition, demonstrating that colour stimuli affect perceptions of emotions. This suggests that the colour red may be a cue used to predict propensity for dominance and aggression in human males.

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Anger as Seeing Red

Cited by 56 publications

References 37 publications

The Development of a Menthol Solution for Use during Sport and Exercise

The Development of a Menthol Solution for Use during Sport and Exercise

Do you use your head or follow your heart? Self-location predicts personality, emotion, decision making, and performance.

Red clothing increases perceived dominance, aggression and anger

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