Anesthesia, Sedation, and Pain Management of Donkeys and Mules

Matthews, Nora S.; Loon, Johannes P.A.M. van

doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2019.08.007

Cited by 19 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Donkeys were used as self-controls in a study that tested for the palliative effect of detomidine as a sedative and analgesic in cases where severe pain was reported during abdominal colic [39]. The severity of abdominal pain accompanying colic was determined prior to (time 0) and after drug administration (15,30,45 and 60 min) using a standardized scoring system to describe several clinical parameters common to equine colic. Among these clinical parameters, the presence or absence of body signs was considered using a scale from no evidence of signs of discomfort to severe evidence of signs of discomfort.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, in addition to considering the variations in the obviousness of pain behavior between horses and donkeys, once a veterinarian can identify clinical signs of a painful donkey, the treatment of whatever ails the donkey must likely be approached slightly differently to the way it would be treated for a horse [9,10,21,35]. When pain is identified in donkeys, it is possible that therapeutic levels of analgesic drugs are not met, due to species differences; previous studies have shown that donkeys have the ability to metabolize analgesics at a faster rate than a horse of similar size [45,46].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a Donkey Grimace Scale to Recognize Pain in Donkeys (Equus asinus) Post Castration

Orth

González

Pastrana

et al. 2020

Animals

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The objectives of this study were to establish a donkey ethogram, followed by a donkey grimace scale to be applied to donkeys pre- and post-castration and to test if there was a notable difference in scores based on observer knowledge, gender, and experience, which could reveal possible discomfort/pain. Nine healthy male adult donkeys were surgically castrated. Fifty-four photos were selected from frontal, lateral, and body views taken pre- and post-castration. Observers ranging from minimal to extensive knowledge and levels of experience based on education and hours/month spent with donkeys scored six photos/donkey on a scale of 0–2 (0 = not present, 1 = moderately present, 2 = obviously present). Scores were based on body language and facial parameters: Ears down, ears back, eye white showing, glazed look, orbital tightening, eyes round shape, nostril tension, eyes narrow shape, muzzle tension, and abnormal stance and overall perception of the animal being in pain. Level of experience and knowledge, as well as gender significantly (p < 0.001), affected observers’ ability to accurately score images. The study suggests that the most significant indicators of pain in donkeys are overall appearance and abnormal body stance provided their sensitivity, specificity and accuracy values of 63.18%, 62.07%, and 62.60%, respectively.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Donkey Grimace Scale to Recognize Pain in Donkeys (Equus asinus) Post Castration

Orth

González

Pastrana

et al. 2020

Animals

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“…Due to the location of the tumor, the physiological differences of the asinine species for the metabolization of drugs compared to horses (Matthews & Van Loon, 2019) and because it is a minimally invasive surgery, it was decided to perform it with conscious and standing animal, contained in the horse stock, with anesthetic sedation protocol and local anesthesia.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the animal fasted for 12 hours, appropriate sedation was achieved using an association of Detomidine (0.005-0.02mg / kg, IV) and Butorfanol (0.002-0.05mg / kg, IV) at the suggested donkey doses (Matthews & Van Loon, 2019). Subsequently, 20 ml of lidocaine was infiltrated through the skin, distributed around the tumor for local anesthesia.The surgical technique was based on the incision surrounding the tumor in the prepuce with a safety margin of 3 cm and then divulsinguntil its complete removal, preserving and performing the hemostasis of the venous circulation at the site.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Donkey preputial fibrosarcoma (Equus asinus): case report

2021

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Little described in donkeys and of rare occurrence, fibrosarcoma is a malignant tumor of connective tissue. In this report, a 4-year-old donkey of the Pêga breed, used as a breeder, was referred to the Veterinary Hospital with a pendulum neoformation in the prepuce, according to owner with 1 month of evolution. Clinically, the animal was painfull and unconfortable when the tumor was manipulated, and the wound was ulcerated and with a focus of myiasis. An excisional biopsy was performed, and the mass was referred for histopathological examination, where the diagnosis of fibrosarcoma was obtained. Clinical aspects, diagnostic method and histopathological findings will be discussed in this case report.

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“…Despite the growing interest in equids other than the horse, there is little scientific evidence of the efficacy of anaesthetic drugs regarding donkeys (Equus asinus) and mules Animals 2021, 11, 2346 2 of 13 41 [1][2][3]. Currently the importance of such animals is expanding not only in developing countries [4][5][6], but also in Europe as a result of animal-assisted therapies and interventions [7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analgesic Effect of Butorphanol during Castration in Donkeys under Total Intravenous Anaesthesia

Straticò

Carluccio

Varasano

et al. 2021

Animals

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Pain management is necessary for all surgical procedures. Little scientific evidence about drug efficacy in donkeys is available. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic effect of butorphanol in donkeys undergoing orchiectomy under total intravenous anaesthesia with guaifenesin-ketamine-detomidine. A randomized blinded prospective clinical trial (Protocol n. 2021/0000338), was carried out on 18 clinically healthy donkeys undergoing bilateral orchiectomy. Patients were assigned to Group D (n = 8) or Group DB (n = 10) if receiving intravenous detomidine or detomidine-butorphanol respectively, before induction of general anaesthesia with ketamine-diazepam. Intraoperative muscle relaxation, nystagmus, palpebral reflex, heart and respiratory rate, and non-invasive blood pressure were evaluated every 2 min; time to prepare the patient, duration of surgery and anaesthesia and recovery score were recorded. Group D had significantly longer surgical time, higher heart rate, higher systolic and mean blood pressure (p < 0.05; repeated measure ANOVA), increased muscle rigidity and expression of palpebral reflex (p < 0.05; Mann–Whitney U test) than group DB. Top-ups with thiopental were statistically higher in Group D. Butorphanol and detomidine together produced a more stable anaesthetic plan. The low dosage of opioid and alpha-2-agonists and reduced rescue anaesthesia are responsible for a safer and more superficial anaesthesia, which is mandatory under field conditions.

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Anesthesia, Sedation, and Pain Management of Donkeys and Mules

Cited by 19 publications

References 46 publications

Development of a Donkey Grimace Scale to Recognize Pain in Donkeys (Equus asinus) Post Castration

Development of a Donkey Grimace Scale to Recognize Pain in Donkeys (Equus asinus) Post Castration

Donkey preputial fibrosarcoma (Equus asinus): case report

Analgesic Effect of Butorphanol during Castration in Donkeys under Total Intravenous Anaesthesia

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