Ancient volcanos as species pumps: A case study of freshwater amphipods in Northeast Asia

Abstract

Volcano‐tectonic processes have been viewed as primary drivers in the formation of present‐day diversity. Volcanos associated with mountain uplifts drive allopatric speciation through vicariance and may impact the surrounding areas like species pump or species attractor. However, the application of these hypotheses to aquatic fauna has rarely been tested explicitly. We tested these hypotheses in the Changbai Mountains (Mts), which are one of the most typical, active volcanic ranges in Northeast (NE) Asia with a long and turbulent geological history. The Gammarus nekkensis species complex of amphipod crustaceans, widely distributed throughout NE Asia with poor dispersal abilities and a long evolutionary history, is a suitable model for testing hypotheses of species pump or species attractor. Phylogenetic and ancestral range reconstructions demonstrated that the studied amphipod originated from the Changbai Mts ~27 Ma and diverged into eastern (Clade I) and western (Clade II) clades, which corresponds well with the initial volcanic eruption of the Changbai Mts in the Late Oligocene. The subsequent diversifications of subclades CI‐3, CII‐1a and CII‐2a were probably driven by second and third eruptions of the Changbai Mts during the Miocene. In particular, the Changbai lineages had spread to the Russian Far East multiple times since the Early Miocene, and widely colonized the region during the Pleistocene. Our discoveries suggest that the ancient volcanos of the Changbai Mts act as species pumps in NE Asia, resulted in burst of diversification around the Changbai Mts and subsequent dispersals into adjacent regions.

Assembly dynamics of East Asian subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests: New insights from the dominant Fagaceae trees

“…The resultant variables were used to model the distribution range (Table S3). Referring to Lian et al (2021) and Hu et al (2022), we ran the analysis with parameters set as follows: (i) the regularization multiplier level was set to two; (ii) the replicate of cross‐validation was set to 10; (iii) the maximum number of background points was set to 10 4 ; (iv) the output format was set to logistic; and (v) jackknife analyses of the regularized gain using training data were conducted to elucidate the importance of each predictor. The other parameters were left at default settings.…”

Evolutionary origin of morphologically cryptic species imprints co-occurrence and sympatry patterns

“…Firstly, species along mountain ranges avoid extinctions by vertical dispersal and maintaining their ecological niches even during climatically unstable periods. Alternatively, it could indicate ecological gradients, possibly enforced by Pleistocene glaciations, prompted speciation through so called “speciation pumps”(Hu et al, 2021), and species rich regions emerge at the junction of species from different elevations. Intensified speciation at mountain slopes is well-known for freshwater amphipods in general (Copilaş-Ciocianu & Petrusek, 2015; Liu et al, 2023; Mamos, Wattier, Majda, Sket, & Grabowski, 2014) and Niphargus in particular (Delić et al, 2021; Lefébure et al, 2007; Stoch, Salussolia, & Flot, 2022).…”

Revealing Diversity in Gammarus (Amphipoda: Gammaridae) in the Freshwater Ecosystems of Armenia Using DNA Barcoding

“…Applied Biosystems 2720 Thermal Cyclers (Life Technologies; Carlsbad, CA, USA) were used to perform thermal cycling for all reactions. Two cycle sets of a PCR program based on a combination of a 'touchdown' and a 'step-up' routine was used starting with 15 We amplified 658 bp from the 5 -end of the COI gene using HCO2198-JJ and LCO1490-JJ primers (Metabion, Planegg, Germany) [40]. Then, the PCR products were sent for bidirectional Sanger sequencing to BGI in Hong Kong (China).…”

“…However, in most of the cases the use of molecular tools turns the morphospecies into complexes of highly divergent lineages, e.g., Gammarus fossarum [10], G. balcanicus [11,12], G. kischineffensis [13], G. komareki/G. lacustris [3], G. leopoliensis [14], G. nekkensis [15], G. pulex [16], and G. roeselii [17]. Gammarus species are also well-known for sexual dimorphism and ontogenetic variations.…”