Ancient covering plaster mortars from several convents and Islamic and Gothic palaces in Palma de Mallorca (Spain). Analytical characterisation

Traditional organic additives improve lime mortars: New old materials for restoration and building natural stone fabrics

“…Lime mortars have been used in building materials since very ancient times; early examples of their use have been found in Palestine and Turkey, dating back to c.12,000 B.C. [1,2] and later in ancient Greece and the Roman Empire [3][4][5][6]. Lime mortars were used continuously in construction up until the 21st century.…”

The influence of calcium content on the mixture of sodium silicate with different additives: Na2CO3, NaOH and AlO(OH)

“…As showed in the Fig. 4a, the displacement of the Si-O-M band Table 3 Attribution of different FTIR bands with m: stretching vibration; d: bending vibration; as: asymmetric [13][14][15][16][17]. depends on the Si/Ca + Na molar ratio at t 0 and t 24h for the composition NaC SiNa Ch .…”

“…The general assignment of infrared bands shows that the majority of spectra can be characterized by seven vibrational bands (see Table 3). They correspond to the vibration bond of calcium hydroxide represented by the fine strip (1), which has a small intensity located at 3640 cm À1 ; the large band between 3500 and 3000 cm À1 (2), which is assigned to the vibration of OH hydroxide bonds [14]; the band of water, which is situated at 1655 cm À1 (3) [15]; the band between 1500 cm À1 and 1350 cm À1 (4), which is attributed to the asymmetric stretching vibration out of the plane of the CO bond of the carbonate (secondary peak at 875 cm À1 ) (7) [16][17][18]; and the Si-O-M (M = Si, Na, Ca or Al) bond, which is characterized by a two bands, (5) and (6), that vary between 930 cm À1 and 1100 cm À1 [19], depending on the compositions. Fig.…”

Caracterización de morteros mudéjares de la iglesia de San Gil Abad (Zaragoza, España): Investigación de la tecnología de fabricación de morteros históricos de yeso

“…The addition of lime to mortars improves binder workability and slows hardening of the gypsum. Moreover, it increases the mechanical strength of the construction materials in the long term due to the carbonation lime process (25,26).…”

“…La adición de cal a los morteros mejora la trabajabilidad de la pasta retardando el fraguado del yeso. Además incrementa la resistencia mecánica a largo plazo de los materiales de construcción, debido al proceso de carbonatación de la cal (25,26).…”