Ancestral reconstruction of tick lineages

Mans, Ben J.; Castro, Minique H. de; Pienaar, Ronel; Klerk, Daniel de; Gaven, Philasande; Genu, Siyamcela; Latif, Abdalla A.

doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.02.002

Cited by 70 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 350 publications

(382 reference statements)

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“…These are grouped into several multigene families, including lipocalins, Kunitz-domain containing proteins/peptides, metalloproteases, and basic tail secreted proteins, and several families apparently unique to ticks. Similar protein families are found in ixodid and argasid ticks, and in Nuttalliella namaqua, suggesting they were present in the ancestral tick lineage (Mans et al, 2016). Reviews on the discovery of proteins in tick saliva and their characterisation include: Steen et al, 2006;Murfin and Fikrig, 2017;Šimo et al, 2017.…”

Section: Composition Of Tick Salivamentioning

confidence: 90%

Wonders of tick saliva

Nuttall

2019

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

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The NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. AbstractSaliva of ticks is arguably the most complex saliva of any animal. This is particularly the case for ixodid species that feed for many days firmly attached to the same skin site of their obliging host. Sequencing and spectrometry technologies combined with bioinformatics are enumerating ingredients in the saliva cocktail. The dynamic and expanding saliva recipe is helping decipher the wonderous activities of tick saliva, revealing how ticks stealthily hide from their hosts while satisfying their gluttony and sharing their individual resources. This review takes a tick perspective on the composition and functions of tick saliva, covering water balance, gasket and holdfast, control of host responses, dynamics, individuality, mate guarding, saliva-assisted transmission, and redundancy. It highlights areas sometimes overlookedfeeding aggregation and sharing of sialomes, and the contribution of salivary gland storage granulesand questions whether the huge diversity of tick saliva molecules is 'redundant' or more a reflection on the enormous adaptability wonderous saliva confers on ticks.

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Section: Composition Of Tick Salivamentioning

confidence: 90%

Wonders of tick saliva

Nuttall

2019

Ticks and Tick-borne Diseases

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“…The recently published genome of the North American vector of tick-borne pathogens, Ixodes scapularis 11, and several tick salivary transcriptomes12 show that lipocalins are a protein family with a large expansion in ticks. Tick lipocalins are considered outliers since they lack the three structural conserved motifs typical of the general lipocalin family13.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Substrate prediction of Ixodes ricinus salivary lipocalins differentially expressed during Borrelia afzelii infection

Valdés

Cabezas-Cruz

Šíma

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Evolution has provided ticks with an arsenal of bioactive saliva molecules that counteract host defense mechanisms. This salivary pharmacopoeia enables blood-feeding while enabling pathogen transmission. High-throughput sequencing of tick salivary glands has thus become a major focus, revealing large expansion within protein encoding gene families. Among these are lipocalins, ubiquitous barrel-shaped proteins that sequester small, typically hydrophobic molecules. This study was initiated by mining the Ixodes ricinus salivary gland transcriptome for specific, uncharacterized lipocalins: three were identified. Differential expression of these I. ricinus lipocalins during feeding at distinct developmental stages and in response to Borrelia afzelii infection suggests a role in transmission of this Lyme disease spirochete. A phylogenetic analysis using 803 sequences places the three I. ricinus lipocalins with tick lipocalins that sequester monoamines, leukotrienes and fatty acids. Both structural analysis and biophysical simulations generated robust predictions showing these I. ricinus lipocalins have the potential to bind monoamines similar to other tick species previously reported. The multidisciplinary approach employed in this study characterized unique lipocalins that play a role in tick blood-feeding and transmission of the most important tick-borne pathogen in North America and Eurasia.

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“…From the many hypotheses above the proposals of Mans et al (2012Mans et al ( , 2016 and Barker et al (2014) are more elaborated phylogenetically than the others, and present discussions quite specific about different sites for the origin of Ixodida in Gondwanan territories. These authors coincide in supporting holothyrid mites as the ancestors of Ixodida, conversely rejecting the competing theory that ticks evolved from mesotigmatid mites as proposed by Schorlemmer (2008, 2013) and some uncertainties of holothyrids basal position to Ixodida in Burger et al (2014).…”

Section: Hypothesis About Evolution Of the Australasian Ixodes + Uriamentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Africa split from Gondwana about 130 mya carrying fauna originated in African Gondwana and derived fauna bringing some doubts about African origin of Nuttalliellidae postulated by Mans et al (2011Mans et al ( , 2012Mans et al ( , 2016 as these authors supported their position by the actual limited distribution of N. namaqua in Africa, but its actual range may also be a relic of a former ampler distribution as stated in Barker et al (2014). Notably, Mans et al (2015) treated N. namaqua as a tick with a wide geographic distribution, but we are unaware of new reports apart from those records long known from South Africa and Tanzania.…”

Section: Birds and Hard Ticksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is no Prostriata fossil as old as Metastriata fossil record, but molecular clock indicates the earliest period of its evolution in late Triassic Period (223 mya) and the latest in mid Jurassic Period (169 mya) according to Jeyaprakash and Hoy (2009) and from 266 (Permian) to mid Jurassic (171 mya) in Mans et al (2012). The origin of Ixodida and their primeval host are also controversial with several competing theories proposed in Jeyaprakash and Hoy (2009), Mans et al (2011Mans et al ( , 2012Mans et al ( , 2014Mans et al ( , 2016 and Barker et al (2014), among others, a topic that will be further treated in the discussion about hypotheses of tick evolution.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Birds and hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae), with discussions about hypotheses on tick evolution

Guglielmone¹,

Nava²

2017

FAVE Cs Vet

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SUMMARY.The relationship between birds (Aves) and hard ticks (Ixodidae) was analyzed for the 386 of 725 tick extant species whose larva, nymph and adults are known as well as their natural hosts. A total of 136 (54 Prostriata= Ixodes, 82 Metastriata= all other genera) are frequently found on Aves, but only 32 species (1 associated with Palaeognathae, 31 with Neognathae) have all parasitic stages feeding on birds: 25 Ixodes (19% of the species analyzed for this genus), 6 Haemaphysalis (7%) and 1 species of Amblyomma (2%). The species of Amblyomma feeds on marine birds (MB), the six Haemaphysalis are parasites of non-marine birds (NMB), and 14 of the 25 Ixodes feed on NMB, one feeds on NMB and MB, and ten on MB. The Australasian Ixodes + I. uriae clade probably originated at an uncertain time from the late Triassic to the early Cretaceous. It is speculated that Prostriata first hosts were Gondwanan theropod dinosaurs in an undetermined place before Pangaea break up; alternatively, if ancestral monotromes were involved in its evolution an Australasian origin of Prostriata seems plausible. As for Prostriata the Motherland of Ixodida is probably Gondwana.RESUMEN. Aves y garrapatas duras (Ixodidae), con discusión sobre hipótesis sobre evolución de las garrapatas. En esta revisión se analizó la relación entre aves y garrapatas duras (Ixodidae) para las 386 de 725 especies de garrapatas que utilizan aves como hospedadores para larvas, ninfas y adultos. Un total de 136 especies (54 Prostriata= Ixodes, 82 Metastriata= restantes géneros) son frecuentemente encontradas sobre aves, pero solo 32 especies (1 asociada con Palaeognathae, 31 con Neognathae) tienen ciclos donde todos los estadios se alimentan sobre aves: 25 Ixodes (19% de las especies analizadas para este género), 6 Haemaphysalis (7% del total) y 1 especie de Amblyomma (2% del total). Las especies de Amblyomma se alimentan sobre aves marinas (MB), las seis de Haemaphysalis son parásitas de aves no-marinas (NMB), y 14 de las 25 especies de Ixodes se alimentan sobre NMB, una sobre NMB y MB, y diez sobre MB. El clado de Australasia Ixodes + I. uriae probablemente se originó entre el fin del Triásico y comienzos del Cretácico. Se especula que los primeros hospedadores de Prostriata fueron dinosaurios terópodos con distribución Gondwánica; alternativamente, si monotremas ancestrales estuvieron involucrados en su evolución, un origen de Prostriata en Australasia es plausible. Al igual que para Prostriata, el área de origen de Ixodida es probablemente Gondwana.

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Ancestral reconstruction of tick lineages

Cited by 70 publications

References 350 publications

Wonders of tick saliva

Wonders of tick saliva

Substrate prediction of Ixodes ricinus salivary lipocalins differentially expressed during Borrelia afzelii infection

Birds and hard ticks (Acari: Ixodidae), with discussions about hypotheses on tick evolution

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