Anatomy and ultrasonography of the normal kidney in brown lemurs:Eulemur fulvus

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to describe the anatomy and obtain echographic measurements of normal kidneys in brown lemurs (Eulemur fulvus). The anatomical findings show that brown lemur kidneys are comparable to those of rats except for an elongated papilla. The kidneys of 16 (7 females and 9 males) lemurs were examined with two-dimensional and power Doppler ultrasonography under general anesthesia. Morphometrically, the left and right kidney surface areas are comparable (3.29 and 3.51 cm(2)). Kidney area has a significant linear correlation with body weight. Echo-Doppler findings show that the mean renal arterial blood flow speeds for the left and right kidneys are comparable (0.70 and 0.73 m/s). However, flow speed is higher in the male (0.79 m/s) than in the female (0.60 m/s). The renal arterial diameters are between 1.0 and 1.8 mm. The fact that anesthesia can have hemodynamic effects on renal vasculature should be taken into consideration when assessing these echographic results.

Renal Evaluation of Aotus azarai infulatus by Ultrasonography and Serum Chemistry Profile

“…Our findings for Aotus renal surface area, however, corresponds to that reported for another nocturnal primate, Eulemur fulvus . In this prosimian, renal surface area is comparable for both kidneys and it is linearly correlated with body mass [Raharison et al., ]. Ultrasonographic studies performed on M. fascicularis and M. mulatta also show positive correlations between body mass and renal volume [Gaschen et al., ; Hill et al., ].…”

Convergent evolution in lemur environmental niches

“…Another avenue of future investigation should examine kidney physiology in primates. Little research has been conducted on kidney form and function in primates generally (e.g., Raharison, Mogicato, & Sautet, ; Straus, ), and even less has been done to compare kidney physiology in relation to habitat type. Further physiological research would clarify the proximal adaptations that allow these lemur species to persist in hot arid environments.…”

Anatomy, histology, and ultrasonography of the normal adrenal gland in brown lemur: Eulemur fulvus

“…The ventral abdomen of each animal was cleaned and shaved, and ultrasound gel was applied. All ultrasound examinations were performed with the animal in lateral or dorsal recumbency, as described in other studies in non‐human primates . Both positions were examined.…”

“…All ultrasound examinations were performed with the animal in lateral or dorsal recumbency, as described in other studies in non-human primates. 5,[21][22][23] Both positions were examined. The probe was initially positioned in the middle of the regio abdominis lateralis.…”

“…[1][2][3] However, ultrasonography is seldom used in non-human primates, which may be in part attributed to a lack of normal imaging data. A precise knowledge of the normal ultrasonographic anatomy is indeed necessary to detect macroscopic changes, 4,5 and this is particularly true for little endocrine organs such as adrenal glands for which anatomical modifications may be subtle. Adrenal gland is a key organ in the adaptation of non-human primates to stress and can become hyperplastic in monkeys chronically subjected to stress factors.…”