Renal Evaluation of Aotus azarai infulatus by Ultrasonography and Serum Chemistry Profile

Abstract

This study aimed to characterize anatomical and biochemical properties of owl monkey kidneys in order to provide normal reference values. Sixty-nine Aotus azarai infulatus (45 males and 24 females) were divided into four different age groups (AG1: 3 months-1 year; AG2: 2-3 years; AG3: 4-6 years; and AG4: over 7 years old). The monkeys were evaluated with a serum chemistry profile, focusing on serum creatinine (SCr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and with ultrasound. Mean body mass differed among the age groups. This significance was attributed to AG1 body mass being significantly lower than in AG2 and that in both AG2 and AG3 being significantly lower than in the two older age groups (AG3 and AG4). SCr and BUN concentrations differed significantly between the sexes and SCr level correlated positively with age. In contrast, renal measurements did not differ between males and females. Left and right renal volumes did not differ significantly within age groups, or among AG2, AG3, and AG4. Renal volumes in AG1, however, while not differing from those in AG2, did differ significantly from those in AG3 and AG4. In conclusion, this study provides ultrasonographic reference values for the morphology the kidneys in A. a. infulatus. Evidence is also provided that SCr and BUN levels in owl monkeys are influenced by the sex and age of the individual, factors that should be considered when interpreting test results.

Renal biochemistry variables and ultrasonographic imaging in healthy Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri collinsi)

“…An ideal renal marker would be an inert substance, freely filtered without metabolism, secretion, or reabsorption by the kidneys, and able to accurately diagnose acute and chronic dysfunction . On the other side, ultrasonography is one of the most valuable methods for the diagnosis and prognosis of renal disease providing information on the structure of renal parenchyma, and shape and size of the kidneys when renal function is impaired …”

“…Simultaneously, a renal ultrasonographic examination was conducted using a Medical SonoAce 9900 diagnostic ultrasound unit (Medison Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea), equipped with a multiple frequency 5–12 MHz linear array probe. Shape, echotexture, and size of both kidneys were examined according to criteria published earlier . Renal length (L) and height (H) were measured using sagittal scans, and renal width (W) at the hilus was measured using transverse scans.…”

“…The combination of renal biochemistry variables, including new markers of renal function such as CysC, and ultrasonography has been widely used in people and domestic animals . Although concentrations of serum UA and CysC have been described in some New and Old World primates, the combination with ultrasonography in Neotropical primates has only been reported for Aotus azarai infulatus . Additionally, most of the literature did not compare renal biomarkers between different sexes and age groups in New World primates, including squirrel monkeys.…”

<b>Detecção e quantificação do vírus da hepatite E (HEV) por RT-PCR em tempo real e estudo experimental em primatas neotropicais (<i>Aotus azarai infulatus</i>) infectados pelo genótipo 3 do HEV</b>

“…A espécie Aotus azarai infulatus é comumente utilizada como modelo em pesquisas biomédicas no Centro Nacional de Primatas (CENP/SVS/MS) (MONTEIRO et al, 2009;COUTINHO et al, 2011;TAKESHITA et al, 2011;LINS et al, 2012;MAYOR et al, 2015) e a utilização da espécie no presente estudo foi baseada no registro prévio da susceptibilidade de infecção por isolado humano do genótipo 2 do HEV em macacos-da-noite da espécie A.…”

“…As alterações de ureia e creatinina observadas no estudo podem ter relação direta com o quadro de hipertermia, desidratação e diarreia que alguns animais apresentaram no período experimental, mas Lins et al (2012) ponderam que fatores de sexo e idade devem ser considerados para avaliação do perfil bioquímico sérico de ureia e creatinina em macacos-danoite e que animais mais velhos tendem a apresentar valores médios mais elevados destes marcadores, neste sentido, a elevação de creatinina no grupo 2 pode ter relação com o fato deste grupo possuir animais com idade superior ao dos animais do grupo 1.…”