Anatomical Studies of Stems and Roots of Hardy Fruit Trees. IV. The Root Structure of Some New Clonal Apple Rootstocks Budded With Cox’s Orange Pippin

Beakbane, A. Beryl; Thompson, Eleanor C.

doi:10.1080/03683621.1947.11513669

Cited by 29 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Xylem structure and resistance to water transport among rootstocks Across rootstocks, VD was significantly larger in invigorating plants, i.e., Van grafted on P. avium, CAB 11E and Maxma 14, than vessels of trees on dwarfing Gisela 5 (Tables 2-4), which may be due to genetic differences, as it has been suggested that dwarfing rootstocks inherently produce smaller vessels (Beakbane and Thompson 1947). However, VD is not the only factor to influence xylem water transport.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Variation in xylem structure and function in roots and stems of scion–rootstock combinations of sweet cherry tree (Prunus avium L.)

Gonçalves

Correia

Silva

et al. 2006

Trees

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To assess hydraulic architecture and limitations to water transport across scion-rootstock combinations (Prunus avium L. cultivar Van grafted on five differing size-controlling rootstocks: P. avium (vigorous) > CAB 11E > Maxma 14 > Gisela 5 > Edabriz (dwarfing)), we compared xylem anatomy, and calculated relative hydraulic conductivity (RC) and vulnerability index (VI) of roots (small, medium and large diameter) and stems. Water relations, leaf gas exchange and variations in growth were also determined. Roots exhibited larger-diameter xylem conduits (VD), greater RC and VI than stems in all Van-rootstock combinations. Moreover, there was a significantly higher vessel frequency (VF), lower VD, RC and VI in dwarfed trees, especially grafted on Gisela 5 than trees on the invigorating rootstocks, P. avium L., CAB 11E and Maxma 14. Anatomical constraints on water status imposed by the smaller VD (and/or in lower xylem thickness and root system length) of dwarfed trees imply a series of negative feedbacks, like a decrease in RC, stem water potential, leaf gas exchange and growth. On the other hand, Van grafted on CAB 11E and Communicated by M. Zwieniecki

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Variation in xylem structure and function in roots and stems of scion–rootstock combinations of sweet cherry tree (Prunus avium L.)

Gonçalves

Correia

Silva

et al. 2006

Trees

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“…The view that clonally produced dwarfing rootstocks possess innate features such as changes in xylem vessel anatomy which may explain their influence on shoot behaviour is not new (Beakbane and Thompson 1947;Atkinson et al 2003). Accordingly, LD rootstocks induced Table 1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Rootstock effects on xylem conduit dimensions and vulnerability to cavitation of Olea europaea L.

Trifilò

Gullo

Nardini

et al. 2007

Trees

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Two clones of Olea europaea L. were studied for their potential impact on hydraulic architecture and vulnerability to xylem cavitation, when used as rootstocks. The clones used were ''Leccino Minerva'' (LM), showing vigorous growth and ''Leccino Dwarf'' (LD) with strongly reduced growth. Self-rooted LM and LD plants as well as their grafting combinations were compared, namely, LM/ LD (Leccino Minerva grafted onto Leccino Dwarf rootstock) and LD/LM (Leccino Dwarf grafted onto Leccino Minerva rootstocks). Plants with LD roots (LD and LM/ LD) showed significantly reduced leaf surface area compared with plants with LM roots. Xylem conduits of LD shoots were 25% more numerous than in LM shoots. When grafted onto LM rootstocks, however, LD shoots produced consistently wider and longer vessels than measured in LD self-rooted plants. This caused LD/LM plants to increase stem vulnerability to cavitation with threshold pressures for cavitation (P c ) of less than 0.5 MPa compared with LD self-rooted plants that had P c of over 2.0 MPa. By contrast, although LD rootstocks caused some reduction of vessel diameter and length of LM scions, their influence on LM hydraulic architecture was too small to reduce vulnerability to cavitation of LM scions with respect to that measured for LM self-rooted plants. Our conclusion is that although dwarfing rootstocks effectively reduce grafted plant size, they do not necessarily confer higher resistance to xylem cavitation to scions which would improve plant resistance to drought.

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“…In apples, roots of dwarfi ng rootstocks [e.g., 'Malling 27' ('M.27')] had lower hydraulic conductances than roots of semi-dwarfi ng rootstocks [e.g., 'Malling-Merton 106' ('MM.106'); Atkinson et al, 2003]. This may be associated with factors like lower xylem:phloem ratios and abnormalities in xylem anatomy of dwarfi ng rootstock systems (Atkinson et al, 2003;Beakbane and Thompson, 1947).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the Vascular Pathway of Sweet Cherries Grafted onto Dwarfing Rootstocks

Olmstead¹,

Lang²,

Lang³

et al. 2006

HortSci

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Dye transport through vascular pathways was examined in tissues surrounding the graft union of second-leaf, field-grown trees of `Lapins'/Gisela 5 (`Gi 5') (dwarfing) and `Lapins'/'Colt' (nondwarfing). Excavated, intact trees were allowed to take up xylemmobile dye via transpiration for 6 h before sectioning the tree into scion, graft union, and rootstock tissue. `Lapins'/'Gi 5' had a significantly larger stem cross-sectional area in the central graft union than did `Lapins'/'Colt'. Per unit cross section, dye transport of both `Lapins'/'Gi 5' and `Lapins'/'Colt' was significantly less in the graft union than in rootstock sections, with still less transported to scion tissues in `Lapins'/'Gi 5'. `Lapins'/'Gi 5' had a tendency to produce vascular elements oriented obliquely to the longitudinal axis of the tree. Dye was distributed more uniformly axially and radially across the graft union in `Lapins'/'Colt' than in `Lapins'/'Gi 5', with an apparent accumulation of dye in `Lapins'/'Gi 5' graft union. Xylem vessel diameters and vessel hydraulic diameters (VDh) were smaller overall in `Lapins'/'Gi 5' than in `Lapins'/'Colt'; however, graft unions in both had smaller VDh than did rootstock sections. These observations suggest reduced transport efficiency of xylem vessels in the graft union in `Lapins'/'Gi 5' may be due to smaller vessels, vascular abnormalities and/or increased amounts of callus and parenchyma tissue.

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Anatomical Studies of Stems and Roots of Hardy Fruit Trees. IV. The Root Structure of Some New Clonal Apple Rootstocks Budded With Cox’s Orange Pippin

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

Variation in xylem structure and function in roots and stems of scion–rootstock combinations of sweet cherry tree (Prunus avium L.)

Variation in xylem structure and function in roots and stems of scion–rootstock combinations of sweet cherry tree (Prunus avium L.)

Rootstock effects on xylem conduit dimensions and vulnerability to cavitation of Olea europaea L.

Examining the Vascular Pathway of Sweet Cherries Grafted onto Dwarfing Rootstocks

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