Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and “Candidatus Neoehrlichia” bacteria: Pathogenicity, biodiversity, and molecular genetic characteristics, a review

Рар, В. А.; Golovljova, Irina

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2011.09.019

Cited by 260 publications

(243 citation statements)

References 199 publications

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“…However, further study is warranted, since the pathogenicity of these microorganisms to sika deer and livestock as well as to human is not yet known. In contrast, A. phagocytophilum and A. bovis, pathogenic in cattle and humans [34] showed a similar rate to those of previous studies.…”

Section: --24supporting

confidence: 86%

“…However, such age-dependent infection tendencies have been shown to be associated with Relapsing fever borreliae leading to persistent infection [31]. Similarly, hemoplasmas, Theileria and Anaplasma have been revealed to cause persistent infection in the host animals [32][33][34], which may be the reason that more infections were observed among young individuals.…”

Section: --24mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of Tick-borne Hemolytic Microbes in Free-living Sika Deer (<i>Cervus nippon</i>) Captured in a Deer-overcrowded Area

Watanabe

Fukumoto

Harasawa³

2016

Jpn. J. Zoo Wildl. Med.

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We collected 36 blood samples from free-living sika deer (Cervus nippon) that were captured in a deer-overcrowded area in Fukui prefecture, and examined the prevalence of tick-borne microbes, including hemoplasmas, Piroplasma, and Anaplasma. Of the 36 samples of deer, 35 (97.2%) were infected with at least one hemotropic microbes. Thirteen (36.1%) deer samples were positive for 'Candidatus Mycoplasma erythrocervae' and 13 (36.1%) deer were positive for 'Ca.M. haemocervae'. Similarly, 25 (69.4%) deer samples were positive for Theileria sp. Thrivae. One (2.8%) was positive for Theileria sp. Sola, five (13.9%) were positive for Anaplasma phagocytophilum, eight (22.2%) were positive for A. bovis, and 28 (77.8%) were positive for Anaplasma sp. This showed a high prevalence of tick-borne blood microorganisms in the deer population. Phylogenetic analysis of the 18S rRNA gene showed that the Theileria sp. Thrivae that was detected in this study formed a monophyletic cluster with other Theileria species that previously were detected in sika deer. This suggests that a novel Theileria species is prevalent in sika deer. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA gene showed that Anaplasma sp. in this study formed monophyletic groups with other Anaplasma species that were previously detected in Japanese cattle and wild ruminants. This suggests that a novel Anaplasma species is prevalent in sika deer..

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Section: --24supporting

confidence: 86%

Section: --24mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Tick-borne Hemolytic Microbes in Free-living Sika Deer (<i>Cervus nippon</i>) Captured in a Deer-overcrowded Area

Watanabe

Fukumoto

Harasawa³

2016

Jpn. J. Zoo Wildl. Med.

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“…Furthermore, A. phagocytophilum also has been detected molecularly in dogs in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (SANTOS et al, 2011). Although dogs infected with A. platys and A. phagocytophilum usually present mild symptoms or are asymptomatic (HARRUS et al, 1997;KOHN et al, 2008;RAR;GOLOVLJOVA, 2011), some cases may be serious or fatal, particularly when co-infections are involved (DANTAS-TORRES, 2008). The confirmation of the occurrence of E. ewingii ) and A. phagocytophilum (SANTOS et al, 2011) in dogs from Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro, respectively, showed that other Anaplasmataceae agents circulate among dogs in Brazil, although the vector tick species involved in these transmission routes remains unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular and serological detection of tick-borne pathogens in dogs from an area endemic for Leishmania infantumin Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

Sousa

André

Herrera³

et al. 2013

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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Tick-borne pathogens affect a wide range of vertebrate hosts. To identify tick-borne pathogens among dogs from Campo Grande, MS, Brazil testing seropositive for Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi), a serological and molecular study was conducted to detect Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys and Babesia vogeli in 60 serum and spleen samples. A confirmatory diagnosis of L. infantum based on serological and molecular assays was also performed, as was sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis to assess the identity of the parasite species infecting these animals. IgG antibodies to Ehrlichia spp., B. vogeli and L. infantum were found, respectively, in 39 (65%), 49 (81.6%) and 60 (100%) of the sampled dogs. Twenty-seven (45%), fifty-four (90%), fifty-three (88.3%), two (3.3%) and one (1.6%) dog were positive, respectively, for E. canis, Leishmania spp., Leishmania donovani complex, Babesia sp. and Anaplasma sp. in PCR assays. After sequencing, the amplicons showed 99% of identity with E. canis, B. vogeli, A. platys and Leishmania chagasi isolates. The findings of this study indicate that L. infantum-seropositive dogs from Campo Grande are exposed to multiple tick-borne pathogens, which should therefore be included in the differential diagnosis of dogs with clinical suspicion of leishmaniasis.Keywords: Ehrlichia canis, Babesia vogeli, Anaplasma platys, Leishmania infantum, dogs, co-infection. ResumoPatógenos transmitidos por carrapatos atingem uma variedade de hospedeiros vertebrados. Para identificar os agentes patogênicos transmitidos por carrapatos entre cães soropositivos para Leishmania infantum no município Campo Grande-MS, foi realizado um estudo sorológico e molecular para a detecção de Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma platys e Babesia vogeli em 60 amostras de soro e baço, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, foi realizado o diagnóstico confirmatório de L. infantum por meio de técnicas sorológicas e moleculares. Também foi realizado o alinhamento e análise filogenética das sequências para indicar a identidade das espécies de parasitas que infectam esses animais. Anticorpos IgG anti-Ehrlichia spp., anti-B. vogeli e anti-L. infantum foram detectados em 39 (65%), 49 (81,6%) e 60 (100%) dos cães amostrados, respectivamente. Vinte e sete (45%), cinquenta e quatro (90%), cinquenta e três (88,3%), dois (3,3%) e um (1,6%) cães mostraram-se positivos na PCR para E. canis, Leishmania spp., Leishmania donovani complex, Babesia sp. e Anaplasma sp., respectivamente. Após o seqüenciamento, os amplicons mostraram 99% de similaridade com isolados de E. canis, B. vogeli e A. platys e Leishmania chagasi. Os resultados deste estudo indicaram que os cães soropositivos para L. infantum de Campo Grande, MS, são expostos a vários agentes transmitidos por carrapatos, e, portanto, devem ser incluídos no diagnóstico diferencial em cães com suspeita clínica de leishmaniose.

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“…Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human, equine, canine, and feline granulocytic anaplasmosis (GA) and tick-borne fever of ruminants, occurs throughout central and northern Europe (1). Anaplasma phagocytophilum genotypes in North America and Europe apparently differ in host tropisms and clinical symptoms, with ruminant tick-borne fever and equine GA found predominantly in Europe and human GA predominantly in North America (1). Although human GA is often asymptomatic, 7% of diagnosed clinical cases require intensive medical care and 0.6% of the cases are fatal (2).…”

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confidence: 99%

A Novel High-Resolution Melt PCR Assay Discriminates Anaplasma phagocytophilum and “Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis”

et al. 2013

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f "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis" (Anaplasmataceae) is an emerging pathogen transmitted by Ixodes ticks. Conventional PCR and the newly developed high-resolution melt PCR were used to detect and discriminate "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis" and Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Both bacterial species were frequently found in Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes hexagonus but virtually absent from Dermacentor reticulatus. In rodents, "Candidatus N. mikurensis" was significantly more prevalent than A. phagocytophilum, whereas in cats, only A. phagocytophilum was found. Pathogenic Anaplasmataceae of the genera Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and Neoehrlichia are transmitted by ixodidae. Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the agent of human, equine, canine, and feline granulocytic anaplasmosis (GA) and tick-borne fever of ruminants, occurs throughout central and northern Europe (1). Anaplasma phagocytophilum genotypes in North America and Europe apparently differ in host tropisms and clinical symptoms, with ruminant tick-borne fever and equine GA found predominantly in Europe and human GA predominantly in North America (1). Although human GA is often asymptomatic, 7% of diagnosed clinical cases require intensive medical care and 0.6% of the cases are fatal (2). Anaplasma phagocytophilum is transmitted by Ixodes species. In Eurasia, vector competence has not been experimentally established for any tick species, but the bacterium was detected in many different Ixodes species (1), including Ixodes ricinus (3, 4) and Ixodes hexagonus (1, 5).Recently, "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis" was identified as a new member of the Anaplasmataceae. This emerging pathogen is also transmitted by Ixodes ticks and can cause severe disease in humans (6-8) and dogs (9). It was first identified in Ixodes ovatus and Rattus norvegicus in Japan (10). Bacterial DNA was detected in liver, heart, and spleen tissue, and intracellular bacteria were found in splenic endothelial cells. In two human cases, the pathogen occurred in granulocytes (11). Previously, very closely related 16S rRNA gene sequences were reported as the Schotti variant of Ehrlichia-like bacteria in the Netherlands (12) and Ehrlichia sp. "Rattus Strain" in China (13). "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis" appears to be one of the most prevalent pathogens in I. ricinus in Europe (14-17), suggesting the possibility that many subclinical human infections occur. Therefore, the aim was to develop a real-time high-resolution melt PCR (HRM-PCR) assay discriminating A. phagocytophilum and "Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis."Six rodent species were trapped in 2010 and 2011 at four different sites in Berlin (Table 1). Spleen samples were collected during necropsy from cats from animal shelters in Berlin (2006Berlin ( to 2008. Host-associated, nonengorged, or partially engorged I. ricinus and I. hexagonus ticks were collected from dogs in Berlin and Brandenburg by their owners and sent to the Small Animal Clinic, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Questing Dermacentor reticulatus ticks were collected ...

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Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, and “Candidatus Neoehrlichia” bacteria: Pathogenicity, biodiversity, and molecular genetic characteristics, a review

Cited by 260 publications

References 199 publications

Prevalence of Tick-borne Hemolytic Microbes in Free-living Sika Deer (<i>Cervus nippon</i>) Captured in a Deer-overcrowded Area

Prevalence of Tick-borne Hemolytic Microbes in Free-living Sika Deer (<i>Cervus nippon</i>) Captured in a Deer-overcrowded Area

Molecular and serological detection of tick-borne pathogens in dogs from an area endemic for Leishmania infantumin Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

A Novel High-Resolution Melt PCR Assay Discriminates Anaplasma phagocytophilum and “Candidatus Neoehrlichia mikurensis”

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