“…To focus on the policy design with unknown demand, we study a stationary model where the users' aggregate demand does not fluctuate during each considered time period. Similar stationary models have been considered in [5,18,23]. References [1] and [6] studied more sophisticated models, where the arrivals of user requests follow Poisson processes and the systems are modeled by closed-queueing networks.…”
Section: Our Workmentioning
confidence: 96%
“…The reason is that the vehicle flow balance considered in our problem complicates the provider's decision making and makes it difficult to derive closed forms for the pricing and supply decisions. To tackle the difficulty, we construct a resistor network given the traffic network (which is inspired by [23]). We leverage the notion of effective resistances (defined based on the resistor network) to derive the closed forms for the provider's decisions.…”
Section: Our Workmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1.2.1 Spatial Pricing of Vehicle Service. There have been some studies analyzing providers' spatial pricing decisions, e.g., [1,2,5,19,23]. Banerjee et al in [1] used a continuous-time Markov chain to track the mass of vehicles at each location, and designed pricing policies with approximation guarantees.…”
Section: Related Workmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Ma et al in [19] studied a ride-sharing platform's problem of dispatching drivers and charging riders, considering the drivers' decisions of accepting the dispatching. In our prior work [23], we analyzed the impact of location-based advertising on providers' spatial pricing, and investigated the providers' optimal collaboration with advertisers. None of the above studies considered the spatial pricing with unknown user demand, which is the focus in this work.…”
Section: Related Workmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…References [14] and [15] studied the pricing of products with unknown demand, and considered similar models. References [5] and [23] studied the pricing of vehicle service with known demand, and also considered linear demand models. The linear demand model enables us to theoretically characterize the performance of our policy and shed light on the design of effective learning and pricing policies.…”
It can be profitable for vehicle service providers to set service prices based on users' travel demand on different origin-destination pairs. Prior studies on the spatial pricing of vehicle service rely on the assumption that providers know users' demand. In this paper, we study a monopolistic provider who initially does not know users' demand and needs to learn it over time by observing the users' responses to the service prices. We design a pricing and vehicle supply policy, considering the tradeoff between exploration (i.e., learning the demand) and exploitation (i.e., maximizing the provider's shortterm payoff). Considering that the provider needs to ensure the vehicle flow balance at each location, its pricing and supply decisions for different origin-destination pairs are tightly coupled. This makes it challenging to theoretically analyze the performance of our policy. We analyze the gap between the provider's expected time-average payoffs under our policy and a clairvoyant policy, which makes decisions based on complete information of the demand. We prove that after running our policy for D days, the loss in the expected time-average payoff can be at most O (ln D) 1 2 D − 1 4 , which decays to zero as D approaches infinity. CCS CONCEPTS • Networks → Network economics; • Theory of computation → Online learning algorithms; • Applied computing → Transportation; • Social and professional topics → Pricing and resource allocation.
“…To focus on the policy design with unknown demand, we study a stationary model where the users' aggregate demand does not fluctuate during each considered time period. Similar stationary models have been considered in [5,18,23]. References [1] and [6] studied more sophisticated models, where the arrivals of user requests follow Poisson processes and the systems are modeled by closed-queueing networks.…”
Section: Our Workmentioning
confidence: 96%
“…The reason is that the vehicle flow balance considered in our problem complicates the provider's decision making and makes it difficult to derive closed forms for the pricing and supply decisions. To tackle the difficulty, we construct a resistor network given the traffic network (which is inspired by [23]). We leverage the notion of effective resistances (defined based on the resistor network) to derive the closed forms for the provider's decisions.…”
Section: Our Workmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…1.2.1 Spatial Pricing of Vehicle Service. There have been some studies analyzing providers' spatial pricing decisions, e.g., [1,2,5,19,23]. Banerjee et al in [1] used a continuous-time Markov chain to track the mass of vehicles at each location, and designed pricing policies with approximation guarantees.…”
Section: Related Workmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Ma et al in [19] studied a ride-sharing platform's problem of dispatching drivers and charging riders, considering the drivers' decisions of accepting the dispatching. In our prior work [23], we analyzed the impact of location-based advertising on providers' spatial pricing, and investigated the providers' optimal collaboration with advertisers. None of the above studies considered the spatial pricing with unknown user demand, which is the focus in this work.…”
Section: Related Workmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…References [14] and [15] studied the pricing of products with unknown demand, and considered similar models. References [5] and [23] studied the pricing of vehicle service with known demand, and also considered linear demand models. The linear demand model enables us to theoretically characterize the performance of our policy and shed light on the design of effective learning and pricing policies.…”
It can be profitable for vehicle service providers to set service prices based on users' travel demand on different origin-destination pairs. Prior studies on the spatial pricing of vehicle service rely on the assumption that providers know users' demand. In this paper, we study a monopolistic provider who initially does not know users' demand and needs to learn it over time by observing the users' responses to the service prices. We design a pricing and vehicle supply policy, considering the tradeoff between exploration (i.e., learning the demand) and exploitation (i.e., maximizing the provider's shortterm payoff). Considering that the provider needs to ensure the vehicle flow balance at each location, its pricing and supply decisions for different origin-destination pairs are tightly coupled. This makes it challenging to theoretically analyze the performance of our policy. We analyze the gap between the provider's expected time-average payoffs under our policy and a clairvoyant policy, which makes decisions based on complete information of the demand. We prove that after running our policy for D days, the loss in the expected time-average payoff can be at most O (ln D) 1 2 D − 1 4 , which decays to zero as D approaches infinity. CCS CONCEPTS • Networks → Network economics; • Theory of computation → Online learning algorithms; • Applied computing → Transportation; • Social and professional topics → Pricing and resource allocation.
Purpose
This purpose of this study was to investigate how consumers’ degree of rurality and preference for specific ad types are associated with their attitude toward femvertising (pro-female advertising).
Design/methodology/approach
An online survey of US-based respondents over 18 years of age was administered by Qualtrics Panels from February 7 to February 15, 2018. The final sample included 418 respondents.
Findings
The more urban the respondents’ location was, the more educated they were, leading to more support for gender equality but not a more positive attitude to femvertising. Liking of ads described as “funny,” “with a message” and “emotional” was associated with a more positive attitude toward femvertising.
Research limitations/implications
The findings were limited by the use of a convenience sample and the limited variance in participants’ rurality owing to the prevalence of respondents based in or near metropolitan areas. Future research should seek to understand how, if at all, femvertising has affected rather than only reflected social change across a variety of cultural settings.
Practical implications
Marketers can expect femvertising appeals to be relatively effective across the rural–urban divide. Femvertising campaigns should consider using or continue to use humor, inspiration/moral reasoning, and emotion in their messages.
Social implications
The relative lack of controversy surrounding femvertising indicates gender equality may be embraced across social divides, possibly because in the current economic environment, women’s empowerment is linked to monetary gains for both companies and households.
Originality/value
As the demand for companies to take a stance regarding socially charged issues increases, there is a critical need to understand the factors that impact consumer demand in the context of pro-female messaging. This study expands the literature on the effects of two such factors – rurality and ad type preferences – on attitudes toward advertising promoting egalitarian values. No previous research has investigated the role of these variables in cause-related marketing.
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