Analytical Methods for Oxidative Derivatives of PAHs Including Application to Environmental and Biological Samples

Biomarkers for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human excreta: recent advances in analytical techniques—a review

“…The application of HLPC-FLD to investigate nine more compounds with up to four benzene rings was expanded by Chetiyanukornkul et al, ( 2006 ). HPLC-FLD is used in many countries on five continents, including Europe (Czech Republic (Fiala et al, 2001 ), Denmark (Hansen et al, 2006 ; Van Wijnen et al, 1996 ), Finland (Väänänen et al, 2003 ), France (Barbeau et al, 2011 ; Lafontaine et al, 2006 ; Leroyer et al, 2010 ), Germany ( 2001b ; Göen et al, 1995 ; Heudorf & Angerer, 2001a ; Preuss et al, 2004 ), Portugal (Oliveira et al, 2016 ), Poland (Mielzyńska et al, 2006 ; Siwińska et al, 1998 , 1999 ), Spain (Freire et al, 2009 ), Ukraine (Mucha et al, 2006 ), Asia (Afghanistan (Hemat et al, 2012 )), China (Yang et al, 2018 ), Iran (Shahsavani et al, 2017 ), Japan (Mori et al, 2011 ; Toriba, 2018 ), Saudi Arabian (Alghamdi et al, 2015 ), South Korea (Alghamdi et al, 2015 ; Sul et al, 2012 ; Yoon et al, 2012 ), Taiwan (Kuo et al, 2004 ; Tsai et al, 2003 ), Thailand (Chetiyanukornkul et al, 2004 , 2006 ; Naksen et al, 2017 ), North America, (Canada (Gilbert & Viau, 1997 )), Mexico (Martínez-Salinas et al, 2010 ; Ochoa-Martinez et al, 2016 ; Ochoa-Martínez et al, 2017 ), USA (McClean et al, 2004 ), South America (Brasil (de Oliveira Galvão et al, 2017 )), Australia and Oceania (New Zealand (Cavanagh et al, 2007 )). To prepare a sample for analysis, urine is adjusted to pH 5 and is undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis with β -glucuronidase/aryl sulfatase; then, the sample is incubated for a specified period of time at constant temperature (Li et al, 2006 ) and the SPE process is performed to select analytes using SPE C18 cartridges of the Sep-Pak (Jongeneelen et al, 1987 ; McClean et al, 2004 ; Mori et al, 2011 ), the Pol-Sep (Siwińska et al, 1998 , 1999 ), the VertiPak (Naksen et al, 2017 ), the Bond Elu...…”

“…Through the second phase of the process, PAHs can be excreted in feces and urine within a few days (Mori et al, 2011 ). HMW PAHs are primarily excreted in feces and urine, while LMW PAHs are primarily excreted in urine (Toriba, 2018 ). In addition to biomonitoring, PAHs and their metabolites can be measured in biological samples to determine the level of exposure in humans.…”